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Med203 > Others > Flashcards

Others Flashcards

1
Q

To test the CSF, The lumbar puncture must be inserted in the vertebral interspace between which lumbar vertebrae?

A

L3 and L4 or L4 and L5

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2
Q

Which bacteria infects infants less than a month old and cause meningitis?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae
Escherichia coli
Listeria monocytogenes

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3
Q

Which bacteria infects people older than 50 years old and cause meningitis?

A

1)S.pneumonia
2)N.meningitidis
3)L.monocytogenes
Aerobic gram-negative bacilli

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4
Q

Which bacteria that causes meningitis infects people after head trauma or neurosurgery?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulate-negative staphylococcus
Aerobic gram-negative
Because they exist as part of our skin flora

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5
Q

What is an example of chronic meningitis?

A

Tuberculous meningitis

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6
Q

What are the signs of meningitis?

A 
Kernig sign
Brudzinski sign
Fever
Confusion
headache
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7
Q

which neuroglial cells synthesize glutamate and GABA neurotransmitters?

A

astrocytes

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8
Q

which neuroglial cell is the largest?

A

astrocytes

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9
Q

which neuroglial cell is the smallest?

A

microglial cells

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10
Q

which microglial cell is fluid-transporting cells, they are within brain-ventricles?

A

ependymal cells

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11
Q

which cells when modified are called choroid plexus?

A

ependymal cells

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12
Q

schwann cells differentiate/originate from precursor cells called?

A

neural crest cells

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13
Q

which neuroglial cells myelinate several axons and which myelinate one axon?

A

an oligodendrocyte can myelinate several axons

one schwann cell can myelinate one axon

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14
Q

Hundreds of different neurons make up the CNS; large, unique
…………. neurons characterize the cortex of the cerebellum

A

Purkinje

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15
Q

layers of small ………… neurons form the cerebral cortex

A

pyramidal (Betz cells)

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16
Q

The choroid plexus consists of elaborate folds of vascularized ………… covered by ependymal cells that project from walls of the cerebral
ventricles

A

pia mater

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17
Q

………………. are located within PNS ganglia, aggregated sensory or autonomic neuronal cell bodies, where they enclose each perikaryon and regulate its microenvironment. participate in nourishment of neurons

A

Satellite cells

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18
Q

Microglia differs from all other glial cells in originating from
blood monocytes, not from neural tissue precursors; they mediate immune defense activity within the …………?

A

central nervous system

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19
Q

gray matter on the anterior horn is derived from ?

A

basal plate

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20
Q

gray matter on the posterior horn is derived from?

A

Alar plate

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21
Q

Only …………. Streptococcus are pathogens and cause infections like meningitis and lung infections?

A

Encapsulated

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22
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia form or doesn’t form spores?

A

Doesn’t form spores

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23
Q

What is the difference between Staphylococcus and streptococcus ?

A

Staphylococcus is catalase positive while streptococcus is catalase negative

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24
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia causes which type of hemolysis?

A

Green hemolysis/alpha hemolysis

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25
Q

Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems originate from in the CNS?

A

sympathetic: thoracolumbar
Parasympathetic: craniosacral

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26
Q

Which ganglion is the longer in sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

In sympathetic the postganglionic is longer

In parasympathetic the preganglionic is longer

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27
Q

Identify each of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla as sympathetic or parasympathetic.

A

The adrenal medulla is sympathetic—> hormones—> wide actions.
while the adrenal cortex is parasympathetic—>no hormones—> localized actions

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28
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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29
Q

When parasympathetic postganglionic cholinergic neurons are stimulated, ACh is released from the varicosities and binds to …………… receptors on the target tissue?

A

Muscarinic

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30
Q

Prions lacks……….?

A

Inflammation
Antigenicity
Immune response

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31
Q

Primary pathogens include:

A

Cryptococcus neoformans
• Coccidioides immitis
• Histoplasma capsulatum .

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32
Q

Secondary or opportunistic pathogens:

A
  • Candida

* Aspergillus

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33
Q

………..pathogens most commonly occur in immunocompromised patients such as transplantation of stem cells or solid organs and with HIV/AIDS

A

Fungal

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34
Q

The most common type of fungal meningitis is caused by…………….

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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35
Q

…………..occurs worldwide in nature and is isolated readily from dry pigeon feces, as well as trees, soil, and other sites.

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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36
Q

Cryptococcus can produce?

A

1) Melanin(demonstrate increased virulence, and this cell wall product is thought to provide protection against oxidants. The high concentrations of dopamine in the CNS serve as a substrate for melanin)
2) Mannitol (a product that may induce cerebral edema and inhibit phagocyte function.)

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37
Q

The first infection of C.neoformans occurs in?

A

Lung

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38
Q

Like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus produces a…………….. that can cause oculomotor palsies because of dysfunction in the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves

A

basilar meningitis

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39
Q

What are the risk factors of candida?

A

neutropenia and AIDS .

40
Q

Rods allow for:

A

Vision in dim light
• Low visual acuity
• Have the light-sensitive chemical rhodopsin

41
Q

Cones function:

A
  • Color vision (red, blue, green)
  • Bright light
  • High visual acuity
  • Edge detection(of a table for ex)
  • Have the light-sensitive chemical photopsin
42
Q

Why is the membrane on rod more than cone?

A

Bcz in rod there’s more proteins and that means more rhodopsin and therefore vision in dim light

43
Q

What are the dual characteristics of light?

A

Wave and particle properties

44
Q

When does the light becomes more energetic?

A

When frequency increases

45
Q

The denser the medium that light travels through becomes, the ………

A

Slower the light travels

46
Q

Frequency= ……….=Hz

A

number of oscillation (turns)

47
Q

Wavelength and frequency are ……… to each other?

A

Inversely proportional

48
Q

1) If angle of incidence is 0(normal), then ……….

2) If angle of incidence is a certain number, then ……..

A

1)No deflection of light
2)There’s Deflection of light
(Deflection=change in direction =decreased wavelength =decreased velocity)

49
Q

What is refractive index of glass?

A

The comparison of 2 photon speeds,one in vacuum and one in glass

50
Q

Lens power is measured by?

A

Diopter

51
Q

Large diopter—>……. focal length—> powerful lens—> higher ability in changing reflection of light

A

Small

52
Q

As the distance from lense to image(on back of eye) decreases, meaning ………..

A

Powerful lens/high diopter

53
Q

Concave and convex lenses are what type of lens?

A

Spherical

54
Q

As the object gets closer to a …………lens, the image formed on the other side gets farther and larger in size.

A

Convex

55
Q

After the light passes from ……… lens, light converges

While when light passes from ……… lens, light diverges.

A

Convex

Concave

56
Q

The focal length in a convex lens is ………

While the focal length in concave is ……..

A

+ve

-ve

57
Q

2 cylindrical lenses, one vertically and the other horizontally, form a ……….?

A

Spherical lense

58
Q

One spherical and one cylindrical lens form a ……….

A

Toric lens

59
Q

Which lens has a Plano?

A

Cylindrical lens

60
Q

What lies between Plano and diopter in a cylindrical lens?

A

Power of distribution

61
Q

What if 2 spherical lenses join together what would they form?

A

Spherical lense with added power

62
Q

Thicker lens=………..= greater refractive power(D)

A

Shorter focal length

63
Q

what is the route of transmission for enterovirus ?

A

fecal -oral

64
Q

which herpes simplex virus causes meningitis/encephalitis in neonatal or adult period ?

A 
in neonates:
HSV-1: causes meningitis
HSV-2: causes encephalitis
in adult:
HSV-1: causes encephalitis
HSV-2: causes meningitis
65
Q

what is the main cause for sporadic encephalitis?

A

HSV-1

66
Q

which HSV is transmitted sexually and through vaginal delivery of baby?

A

HSV-2

67
Q

which drug is usually used for viral meningeal infections such as HSV in immunocompromised ppl?

A

acyclovir

68
Q

what is the main cause for Mollaret meningitis?

A

HSV-2

69
Q

which HSV involves frontal and temporal lobe

A

HSV-1

70
Q

which virus causes chicken pox?

A

varicella-zoster virus

71
Q

what is the infection established by varicella zoster virus?

A

shingles

72
Q

which virus damages lower motor neurons= paralytic poliomyelitis?

A

poliovirus

73
Q

what is the solution for astigmatism?

A

..

74
Q

What is an important characteristic in tuberculous meningitis?

A

The presence of Ghon complex
,which is a inflamed regional lymph node+Ghon focus (a gray white inflammatory consolidation present at the centre of the lung)

75
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can only be stained by …………… and not gram stain

A

Ziegler-Neelsen stain

76
Q

By forming what does the mycobacterium tuberculosis disseminate or spread into meninges and CSF?

A

By forming Rich focus

77
Q

Tuberculosis meningitis affects which cranial nerves?

A

3,4,6,7

78
Q

Tuberculosis meningitis is what type of bacteria?

A

Bacillus

79
Q

…………. is a human zoonosis caused by a rodent- borne arenavirus
 It is excreted in the urine and feces of rodents, including mice, rats, and hamsters
 It is transmitted to humans by exposure to secretions or excretions (by direct contact or aerosol) of infected animals or contaminated environmental surfaces
-low glucose concentration
-Affected patients present with an influenza-like systemic illness

A

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

80
Q

What is mollaret meningitis?

A

Aseptic viral meningitis infection caused by HSV-2

81
Q

Which ganglia is involved when HSV virus infects sensory neurons in face or genitals?

A

Neurons in the face have cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion
while neurons in genitalia have cell bodies in the sacral ganglia

82
Q

The characteristic Maculopapular rash aids in the diagnosis of which disease?

A

Measles

83
Q

The vesicular eruption characteristic best diagnosis which virus?

A

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)

84
Q

The Herpangina characteristic best diagnosis which virus?

A

Coxsackie-virus A (enterovirus)

85
Q

Human infection with ……………, which is seen in Australia, results from direct contact with infected horses.

A

Hendra virus

86
Q

………………, which appeared in Malaysia and Singapore and is now present in Bangladesh, may be associated with exposure to pigs or bats

A

Nipah virus encephalitis

87
Q

Focality in the temporal lobe region is suggestive of ……………..

A

HSV encephalitis

88
Q

Involvement of the thalamus or basal ganglia may be observed in the setting of encephalitis due to respiratory viral infection, ……………….., arbovirus, and tuberculosis

A

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

89
Q

Other than hemorrhage, when are red blood cells present in an encephalitis?

A

Red blood cell’s presence suggests HSV-1even if there’s no trauma

90
Q

What is the job of a capsule in a pathogen?

A

Capsules protect bacteria from phagocytosis

91
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia secretes IgA protease and destroys IgA—> activates compliment system—> induces inflammation that destroys bacteria—> …………… , a cytotoxin binds cholesterol in the host cell membrane and creates pores.This activity can destroy the ciliated epithelial cells and phagocytic cells.

A

pneumolysin

92
Q

How do you know if a disease is invasive?

A

And invasive pneumococcal disease happens if the bacteria streptococcus pneumonia can be isolated from a normally sterile body site like blood

93
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

94
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia can be isolated from which media

A

acute otitis media (AOM)

95
Q

What are the classic tried symptoms of acute bacterial meningitis?

A

Fever
nuchal rigidity or neck stiffness
change in mental status

96
Q

Asplenia can cause which infections

A

H.influenza
Streptococcus pneumonia
Nisseria meningitis

97
Q

Which antibiotic can be used against streptococcus pneumonia

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics

Med203 (6 decks)

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