Others Flashcards by Heba BARAKAT

To test the CSF, The lumbar puncture must be inserted in the vertebral interspace between which lumbar vertebrae?

L3 and L4 or L4 and L5

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Which bacteria infects infants less than a month old and cause meningitis?

Streptococcus agalactiae
Escherichia coli
Listeria monocytogenes

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Which bacteria infects people older than 50 years old and cause meningitis?

1)S.pneumonia
2)N.meningitidis
3)L.monocytogenes
Aerobic gram-negative bacilli

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Which bacteria that causes meningitis infects people after head trauma or neurosurgery?

Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulate-negative staphylococcus
Aerobic gram-negative
Because they exist as part of our skin flora

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What is an example of chronic meningitis?

Tuberculous meningitis

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What are the signs of meningitis?

Kernig sign
Brudzinski sign
Fever
Confusion
headache

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which neuroglial cells synthesize glutamate and GABA neurotransmitters?

astrocytes

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which neuroglial cell is the largest?

astrocytes

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which neuroglial cell is the smallest?

microglial cells

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which microglial cell is fluid-transporting cells, they are within brain-ventricles?

ependymal cells

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which cells when modified are called choroid plexus?

ependymal cells

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schwann cells differentiate/originate from precursor cells called?

neural crest cells

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which neuroglial cells myelinate several axons and which myelinate one axon?

an oligodendrocyte can myelinate several axons

one schwann cell can myelinate one axon

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Hundreds of different neurons make up the CNS; large, unique
…………. neurons characterize the cortex of the cerebellum

Purkinje

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layers of small ………… neurons form the cerebral cortex

pyramidal (Betz cells)

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The choroid plexus consists of elaborate folds of vascularized ………… covered by ependymal cells that project from walls of the cerebral
ventricles

pia mater

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………………. are located within PNS ganglia, aggregated sensory or autonomic neuronal cell bodies, where they enclose each perikaryon and regulate its microenvironment. participate in nourishment of neurons

Satellite cells

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Microglia differs from all other glial cells in originating from
blood monocytes, not from neural tissue precursors; they mediate immune defense activity within the …………?

central nervous system

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gray matter on the anterior horn is derived from ?

basal plate

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gray matter on the posterior horn is derived from?

Alar plate

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Only …………. Streptococcus are pathogens and cause infections like meningitis and lung infections?

Encapsulated

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Streptococcus pneumonia form or doesn’t form spores?

Doesn’t form spores

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What is the difference between Staphylococcus and streptococcus ?

Staphylococcus is catalase positive while streptococcus is catalase negative

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Streptococcus pneumonia causes which type of hemolysis?

Green hemolysis/alpha hemolysis

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Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems originate from in the CNS?

sympathetic: thoracolumbar Parasympathetic: craniosacral

Which ganglion is the longer in sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems?

In sympathetic the postganglionic is longer In parasympathetic the preganglionic is longer

Identify each of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla as sympathetic or parasympathetic.

The adrenal medulla is sympathetic—> hormones—> wide actions. while the adrenal cortex is parasympathetic—>no hormones—> localized actions

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

When parasympathetic postganglionic cholinergic neurons are stimulated, ACh is released from the varicosities and binds to …………… receptors on the target tissue?

Muscarinic

Prions lacks……….?

Inflammation Antigenicity Immune response

Primary pathogens include:

Cryptococcus neoformans • Coccidioides immitis • Histoplasma capsulatum .

Secondary or opportunistic pathogens:

* Candida | * Aspergillus

………..pathogens most commonly occur in immunocompromised patients such as transplantation of stem cells or solid organs and with HIV/AIDS

Fungal

The most common type of fungal meningitis is caused by…………….

Cryptococcus neoformans

…………..occurs worldwide in nature and is isolated readily from dry pigeon feces, as well as trees, soil, and other sites.

Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus can produce?

1) Melanin(demonstrate increased virulence, and this cell wall product is thought to provide protection against oxidants. The high concentrations of dopamine in the CNS serve as a substrate for melanin) 2) Mannitol (a product that may induce cerebral edema and inhibit phagocyte function.)

The first infection of C.neoformans occurs in?

Lung

Like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Cryptococcus produces a…………….. that can cause oculomotor palsies because of dysfunction in the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves

basilar meningitis

What are the risk factors of candida?

neutropenia and AIDS .

Rods allow for:

Vision in dim light • Low visual acuity • Have the light-sensitive chemical rhodopsin

Cones function:

* Color vision (red, blue, green) * Bright light * High visual acuity * Edge detection(of a table for ex) * Have the light-sensitive chemical photopsin

Why is the membrane on rod more than cone?

Bcz in rod there’s more proteins and that means more rhodopsin and therefore vision in dim light

What are the dual characteristics of light?

Wave and particle properties

When does the light becomes more energetic?

When frequency increases

The denser the medium that light travels through becomes, the ………

Slower the light travels

Frequency= ……….=Hz

number of oscillation (turns)

Wavelength and frequency are ……… to each other?

Inversely proportional

1) If angle of incidence is 0(normal), then ………. | 2) If angle of incidence is a certain number, then ……..

1)No deflection of light 2)There’s Deflection of light (Deflection=change in direction =decreased wavelength =decreased velocity)

What is refractive index of glass?

The comparison of 2 photon speeds,one in vacuum and one in glass

Lens power is measured by?

Diopter

Large diopter—>……. focal length—> powerful lens—> higher ability in changing reflection of light

Small

As the distance from lense to image(on back of eye) decreases, meaning ………..

Powerful lens/high diopter

Concave and convex lenses are what type of lens?

Spherical

As the object gets closer to a …………lens, the image formed on the other side gets farther and larger in size.

Convex

After the light passes from ……… lens, light converges | While when light passes from ……… lens, light diverges.

Convex | Concave

The focal length in a convex lens is ……… | While the focal length in concave is ……..

+ve | -ve

2 cylindrical lenses, one vertically and the other horizontally, form a ……….?

Spherical lense

One spherical and one cylindrical lens form a ……….

Toric lens

Which lens has a Plano?

Cylindrical lens

What lies between Plano and diopter in a cylindrical lens?

Power of distribution

What if 2 spherical lenses join together what would they form?

Spherical lense with added power

Thicker lens=………..= greater refractive power(D)

Shorter focal length

what is the route of transmission for enterovirus ?

fecal -oral

which herpes simplex virus causes meningitis/encephalitis in neonatal or adult period ?

``` in neonates: HSV-1: causes meningitis HSV-2: causes encephalitis in adult: HSV-1: causes encephalitis HSV-2: causes meningitis ```

what is the main cause for sporadic encephalitis?

HSV-1

which HSV is transmitted sexually and through vaginal delivery of baby?

HSV-2

which drug is usually used for viral meningeal infections such as HSV in immunocompromised ppl?

acyclovir

what is the main cause for Mollaret meningitis?

HSV-2

which HSV involves frontal and temporal lobe

HSV-1

which virus causes chicken pox?

varicella-zoster virus

what is the infection established by varicella zoster virus?

shingles

which virus damages lower motor neurons= paralytic poliomyelitis?

poliovirus

what is the solution for astigmatism?

What is an important characteristic in tuberculous meningitis?

The presence of Ghon complex ,which is a inflamed regional lymph node+Ghon focus (a gray white inflammatory consolidation present at the centre of the lung)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can only be stained by …………… and not gram stain

Ziegler-Neelsen stain

By forming what does the mycobacterium tuberculosis disseminate or spread into meninges and CSF?

By forming Rich focus

Tuberculosis meningitis affects which cranial nerves?

3,4,6,7

Tuberculosis meningitis is what type of bacteria?

Bacillus

…………. is a human zoonosis caused by a rodent- borne arenavirus  It is excreted in the urine and feces of rodents, including mice, rats, and hamsters  It is transmitted to humans by exposure to secretions or excretions (by direct contact or aerosol) of infected animals or contaminated environmental surfaces -low glucose concentration -Affected patients present with an influenza-like systemic illness

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

What is mollaret meningitis?

Aseptic viral meningitis infection caused by HSV-2

Which ganglia is involved when HSV virus infects sensory neurons in face or genitals?

Neurons in the face have cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion while neurons in genitalia have cell bodies in the sacral ganglia

The characteristic Maculopapular rash aids in the diagnosis of which disease?

Measles

The vesicular eruption characteristic best diagnosis which virus?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1)

The Herpangina characteristic best diagnosis which virus?

Coxsackie-virus A (enterovirus)

Human infection with ……………, which is seen in Australia, results from direct contact with infected horses.

Hendra virus

………………, which appeared in Malaysia and Singapore and is now present in Bangladesh, may be associated with exposure to pigs or bats

Nipah virus encephalitis

Focality in the temporal lobe region is suggestive of ……………..

HSV encephalitis

Involvement of the thalamus or basal ganglia may be observed in the setting of encephalitis due to respiratory viral infection, ……………….., arbovirus, and tuberculosis

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease

Other than hemorrhage, when are red blood cells present in an encephalitis?

Red blood cell’s presence suggests HSV-1even if there’s no trauma

What is the job of a capsule in a pathogen?

Capsules protect bacteria from phagocytosis

Streptococcus pneumonia secretes IgA protease and destroys IgA—> activates compliment system—> induces inflammation that destroys bacteria—> …………… , a cytotoxin binds cholesterol in the host cell membrane and creates pores.This activity can destroy the ciliated epithelial cells and phagocytic cells.

pneumolysin

How do you know if a disease is invasive?

And invasive pneumococcal disease happens if the bacteria streptococcus pneumonia can be isolated from a normally sterile body site like blood

What is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults?

Streptococcus pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumonia can be isolated from which media

acute otitis media (AOM)

What are the classic tried symptoms of acute bacterial meningitis?

Fever nuchal rigidity or neck stiffness change in mental status

Asplenia can cause which infections

H.influenza Streptococcus pneumonia Nisseria meningitis

Which antibiotic can be used against streptococcus pneumonia

Beta-lactam antibiotics