Neuro Physiology Flashcards
……………is responsible for providing information about contact of the skin with objects in the external world, and a variety of cutaneous mechanoceptive, nociceptive (pain), and thermal receptors are used for this purpose.
Exteroceptive division
…………. provides information about body and limb position and movement and relies primarily on receptors found in joints, muscles, and tendons.
Proprioceptive component
………….. has receptors for monitoring the internal state of the body and includes mechanoreceptors that detect distention of the gut or fullness of the bladder.
Enteroceptive receptors
All ………… nerves are excitatory
Sensory
What forms the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
The ………. is the most developed part of CNS and is an extremely large memory storehouse
Cerebral cortex
The transforming of stimulus into electric response is known as ………?
Sensory transduction
The precision, or acuity, with which we can locate and discern one stimulus from an adjacent one depends upon the amount of convergence of neuronal input in the specific ascending pathways:
So when convergence increases,…………?
Precision or acuity decreases
The phenomenon of …………………. is the most important mechanism enabling the localization of a stimulus site.
Lateral inhibition; information from afferent neurons whose receptors are at the edge of a stimulus is strongly inhibited compared to information from the stimulus’s center.
Divergence/Convergence of an afferent neuron on to many interneurons.
Divergence/Convergence of input from several afferent neurons onto single interneurons
Divergence
Convergence
The interneurons upon which the afferent neurons synapse are termed ………..-order neurons
Second
The …………… portion of spinocerebellum projects to the brainstem areas that control axial and
proximal limb muscles. Therefore, it also controls posture
Vermal
The thalamus receives ……… and projects them to the sensory cortical areas for cerebral cortex
Ascending sensory inputs
The nuclear group of the thalamus consists of …….?
ventrobasal complex (VBC), lateral geniculate body (visual)(LGB),
medial geniculate body (auditory) (MGB),
and anterior nucleus.
The lateral geniculate body receives input from the …………
optic tract and projects to visual cortex.
The medial geniculate body receives input from the
auditory pathway and projects to auditory cortex.
The ascending somatosensory pathways terminate in certain………………
thalamic nuclei
Axons from cells in the dorsal column nuclei cross the brain stem immediately at the level of the medulla and travel in the contralateral medial lemniscus to terminate primarily in the …………….?
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
The fibers of the anterolateral system (lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts) travel in the contralateral anterolateral funiculus of the spinal cord to terminate in the ………?
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Posterior and intralaminar nuclei
All afferent impulses on their way to the sensory cortex terminate in the thalamus except for ……………….
Olfactory sense
The lateral and medial geniculate bodies are a part of which structure?
Thalamus
…………………. projects from nonspecific nuclei to cortex contributes to reticular activating system that activates arousal mechanisms and keeps the individual awake.
Thalamocortical
Subcortical perception of pain, temperature, pressure (crude touch) occurs to some extent in ………………
thalamus
Through motor loop thalamus influences ……………………….
postural movements.
What are the functions of thalamus?
Awake state/arousal mechanism Sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, crude touch Postural movements Planning and programming of movements Memory and emotions Sleep-awake cycle Language and speech
Voluntary movement is controled by two systems
Pyramidal and extra-pyramidal systems
The cerebellum is divided into three major subdivisions, what are they?
Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum
What is the function of vestibulocerebellum?
It is concerned with equilibrium and learning induced changes in vestibulo-ocular reflex.
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for planning and initiating movement?
Cerebrocerebellum
Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for limb position (proprioception), touch and pressure
Spinocerebellum
Which part of the cerebellum maintains equilibrium balance and posture?
Vestibulocerebellum
Which part of the spinocerebellum controls posture?
Vermis
Which part of the spinocerebellum controls skilled voluntary movements?
Paravermal
The white matter is made up of three groups of fibers:
Afferent fibers
Intrinsic fibers
Efferent fibers
The efferent fibers coming from ……………., leave the cerebellum through superior cerebellar peduncle?
Dentate
Emboliform
Globose nuclei
(Those are a part of intracellular nuclei of cerebellum)
The efferent fibers coming from ……………., leave the cerebellum through inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Fastigial nucleus
The cerebellar afferent fibres come from which structures?
1) cerebral cortex
2) spinal cord
3) superior colliculus
4) inferior colliculus
5) inferior olivary nucleus
6) reticular nuclei
When information needs to be delivered to the cerebellum, it passes through what first?
Purkinje cells then to deep cerebellar nuclei in some parts of cerebellar to start modifying movements