Neuro Physiology Flashcards by Heba BARAKAT

……………is responsible for providing information about contact of the skin with objects in the external world, and a variety of cutaneous mechanoceptive, nociceptive (pain), and thermal receptors are used for this purpose.

Exteroceptive division

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…………. provides information about body and limb position and movement and relies primarily on receptors found in joints, muscles, and tendons.

Proprioceptive component

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………….. has receptors for monitoring the internal state of the body and includes mechanoreceptors that detect distention of the gut or fullness of the bladder.

Enteroceptive receptors

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All ………… nerves are excitatory

Sensory

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What forms the diencephalon?

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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The ………. is the most developed part of CNS and is an extremely large memory storehouse

Cerebral cortex

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The transforming of stimulus into electric response is known as ………?

Sensory transduction

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The precision, or acuity, with which we can locate and discern one stimulus from an adjacent one depends upon the amount of convergence of neuronal input in the specific ascending pathways:
So when convergence increases,…………?

Precision or acuity decreases

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The phenomenon of …………………. is the most important mechanism enabling the localization of a stimulus site.

Lateral inhibition; information from afferent neurons whose receptors are at the edge of a stimulus is strongly inhibited compared to information from the stimulus’s center.

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Divergence/Convergence of an afferent neuron on to many interneurons.

Divergence/Convergence of input from several afferent neurons onto single interneurons

Divergence

Convergence

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The interneurons upon which the afferent neurons synapse are termed ………..-order neurons

Second

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The …………… portion of spinocerebellum projects to the brainstem areas that control axial and
proximal limb muscles. Therefore, it also controls posture

Vermal

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The thalamus receives ……… and projects them to the sensory cortical areas for cerebral cortex

Ascending sensory inputs

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The nuclear group of the thalamus consists of …….?

ventrobasal complex (VBC), lateral geniculate body (visual)(LGB),
medial geniculate body (auditory) (MGB),
and anterior nucleus.

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The lateral geniculate body receives input from the …………

optic tract and projects to visual cortex.

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The medial geniculate body receives input from the

auditory pathway and projects to auditory cortex.

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The ascending somatosensory pathways terminate in certain………………

thalamic nuclei

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Axons from cells in the dorsal column nuclei cross the brain stem immediately at the level of the medulla and travel in the contralateral medial lemniscus to terminate primarily in the …………….?

Ventral posterolateral nucleus

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The fibers of the anterolateral system (lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts) travel in the contralateral anterolateral funiculus of the spinal cord to terminate in the ………?

Ventral posterolateral nucleus

Posterior and intralaminar nuclei

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All afferent impulses on their way to the sensory cortex terminate in the thalamus except for ……………….

Olfactory sense

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The lateral and medial geniculate bodies are a part of which structure?

Thalamus

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…………………. projects from nonspecific nuclei to cortex contributes to reticular activating system that activates arousal mechanisms and keeps the individual awake.

Thalamocortical

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Subcortical perception of pain, temperature, pressure (crude touch) occurs to some extent in ………………

thalamus

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Through motor loop thalamus influences ……………………….

postural movements.

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What are the functions of thalamus?

``` Awake state/arousal mechanism Sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, crude touch Postural movements Planning and programming of movements Memory and emotions Sleep-awake cycle Language and speech ```

Voluntary movement is controled by two systems

Pyramidal and extra-pyramidal systems

The cerebellum is divided into three major subdivisions, what are they?

Vestibulocerebellum Spinocerebellum Cerebrocerebellum

What is the function of vestibulocerebellum?

It is concerned with equilibrium and learning induced changes in vestibulo-ocular reflex.

Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for planning and initiating movement?

Cerebrocerebellum

Which part of the cerebellum is responsible for limb position (proprioception), touch and pressure

Spinocerebellum

Which part of the cerebellum maintains equilibrium balance and posture?

Vestibulocerebellum

Which part of the spinocerebellum controls posture?

Vermis

Which part of the spinocerebellum controls skilled voluntary movements?

Paravermal

The white matter is made up of three groups of fibers:

Afferent fibers Intrinsic fibers Efferent fibers

The efferent fibers coming from ……………., leave the cerebellum through superior cerebellar peduncle?

Dentate Emboliform Globose nuclei (Those are a part of intracellular nuclei of cerebellum)

The efferent fibers coming from ……………., leave the cerebellum through inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Fastigial nucleus

The cerebellar afferent fibres come from which structures?

1) cerebral cortex 2) spinal cord 3) superior colliculus 4) inferior colliculus 5) inferior olivary nucleus 6) reticular nuclei

When information needs to be delivered to the cerebellum, it passes through what first?

Purkinje cells then to deep cerebellar nuclei in some parts of cerebellar to start modifying movements

The 3rd ventricle is situated near the ……………… and the 4th ventricle is situated near the ……………

Thalamus | Ventral to Cerebellum

The ………. Peduncle connects the cerebellum to midbrain and provide signals to the cerebrum

Superior

The ………. Peduncle convey impulses voluntary movements from the cerebrum through the pons and to the cerebellum?

Middle

The ………… peduncle Connect the cerebellum to medulla oblongata and spinal cord and it contains both incoming vestibular and proprioceptive fibers and outgoing motor fibers

Inferior

Climbing fibers activity increases every time ……………?

A new activity is learned

The damage of which structure causes hypotonia(dec in muscle tone)?

Damage to cerebellum

brodmann and function of wernicke's area (secondary auditory area)?

brodmann 22 | interpretation of sound and comprehension of language

brodmann and function of Broca's area

brodmann 44, 45 motor speech includes triangular part and opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus

what about brodmann 39?

reading secondary visual area includes Angular gyrus lesion: loss in perception of figures, colors, and faces

frontal eye field and occipital eye field is included in which brodmann?

brodmann 8

What is Akinezia and it’s caused by which part of the brain?

Akinezia is the inability to make voluntary movements . It’s caused by the Supplementary motor area in the brain

What is Apraxis and which part of the brain causes it?

Apraxis is the difficulty in performing skilled movements for a certain aim It’s caused by lesions in the promotor area

Wernicke (secondary auditory area) is which brodmann and was is its function?

Brodmann 22 Understanding written and spoken language Responsible from the interpretation of sounds and the association of the auditory impulses. Comprehension

Wernicke and Broca are connected together with the?

Arcuate fasciculus

A problem in Broca’s area causes a motor type …………….lesion In which the patient is unable to express themselves although they know the words they want to say and understand the conversation, but they cannot talk

Expressive Aphasia

A problem in Wernicke (and broca) causes a sensory type ……………. In which the patient is unable to understand the conversation, the patient can speak but it’s nonsense

Receptive aphasia

Motor type = expressive | aphasia?

Problem in broca 44 45 | Can understand but can’t speak

Sensory type = receptive aphasia?

Problem in wernicke 22 | Can’t understand, but can speak (nonsense)

No diminishing in the capasity of inteligence • However; • Incompetence in solving problems, decission and judgement • Socially unacceptable emotional attitudes • The patient does not pay attention to his/her appearance and dressing This is caused by lesion in which part of the brain?

Prefrontal cortex

Primary sensory area is which brodmann?

3,1,2

Primary Visual area is which brodmann?

Primary auditory area is which Brodmann?

Primary taste area is which brodmann?

what are the two types of adaptive receptors?

tonic receptors: slowly adapted, constantly generates AP, and focuses on intensity phasic receptors: fast adaptive, stops generating AP, focuses on frequency

What are the functions of pupil?

Controls light and focus

What are the muscles in the iris that controls the diameter of the pupil? And when does each one relaxes/constricts?

Circular and radial muscles in the iris control the diameter of the pupil. Dim light: circular relaxes, radial constricts—> pupil dilates Bright light: circular contracts, radial relaxes—> pupil constricts

When is the greatest possible depth of focus?

When pupil is smallest

What is the solution to focusing if someone has long/short (away from focal point) eyeball?

Contracting your pupil

What is the pathway of light?

Cornea—>aqueous humor—>lens—> vitreous—>retina

Errors in refraction are taken into account during ………….

Relaxed ciliary muscles

……………..: parallel lights rays from a distant object are in sharp focus on the retina when the ciliary muscle is completely relaxed.

Emmetropia

What are the reasons for hyperopia and myopia?

Hyperopia: short eyeball or weak lens(focal length is long,so weak) Myopia: long eyeball or powerful lens(focal length is short, so strong)

Which lens is used to correct myopia and hyperopia?

Myopia: concave lens (diverging) Hyperopia: convex lens

In astigmatism, the ………… has a tonic shape with too great of a curvature causing blurry vision for near and far?

Cornea

The ability of the eye to focus for close objects is called?

Accommodation

When is the lens round?

When ciliary muscles contract and the tension on suspensory ligament decreases—>increased refraction(more focus)

When is the lens flat?

When ciliary muscle relaxes and the tension of suspensory ligaments increase—>less refraction(less focus)

Convexity of the lens allows for ……..

Close vision

……….. is a condition where the elasticity of lens decreases with age, resulting in difficulty in focusing for close vision

Presbyopia

Irregularities in the curvature of the cornea/lens and the light focuses on the retina as lines rather than individual precise points leading to blurred vision for far and near in a condition called?

Astigmatism

What are the receptors of pupillary reflexes and accommodation?

Photoreceptors—> rods and cons

What are the intrinsic muscles of the eye, and what are they responsible of?

1) ciliary body: shape of lens | 2) iris: circular and radial muscles: pupil size

Describe each of the extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles?

Extrinsic muscles: controlled by somatic nervous system and is responsible for convergence to see nearby objects Intrinsic muscles: controlled by autonomic nervous system and consist of ciliary body and iris

What are organs that only have sympathetic innervation?

``` Sweat gland Vascular smooth muscle Pilomotor muscles of skin Liver Adipose tissue Kidney ```

In the accommodation response, a blurred retinal image activates ………………….neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nuclei and leads to contraction of the sphincter muscle and pupillary constriction.

parasympathetic preganglionic

What happens in pupillary light reflex?

Light strikes the retina and activates parasympathetic preganglionic nerves in Edinger-Westphal nucleus—>contraction of the sphincter muscles and pupillary constriction

The pupillary dilator muscle called radial muscles in the iris is controlled by sympathetic innervation through …… receptors.

α1

The pupillary constrictor (circular muscle) in the iris is controlled by parasympathetic innervation through…………. receptors.

Muscarinic

The contraction of the gastrointestinal wall accompanied by relaxation of the sphincter (in both the bladder and gastrointestinal tract) is a sympathetic or parasympathetic response?

Parasympathetic response

The relaxation of the walls accompanied by contraction of sphincters (in both the bladder and gastrointestinal tract) is a sympathetic or parasympathetic response?

Sympathetic response

What are the 2 sympathetic receptors?

``` Adrenergic(postganglion—>epinephrine, norepinephrine) and cholinergic(postganglion—>sweat glands—>Ach) ```

What is the response of blood vessels in sympathetic NS?

Vessels constrict (faster blood flow) to allow blood to go to more important regions of the body

Which synaptic neuron in sympathetic NS secretes Ach?

The presynaptic neuron secretes Ach so that it binds to nicotinic receptors on the effector organ

What secretes catecholamines(epinephrine and norepinephrine) into the general circulation.

Adrenal medulla

What is the ganglion of the nucleus in the midbrain?

Oculomotor(3rd) parasympathetic—>Edinger-Westphal nucleus—>CILIARY ganglion

What is the ganglion of the nucleus of Facial nerve (7th) in the pons?

Pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion

What is the ganglion of the nucleus in the midbrain?

Glossopharyngeal (9th) nerve—>inferior salivatory nucleus—>OTIC GANGLION