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Med203 > Neurocranium Bones > Flashcards

Neurocranium Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What nerve passes from Hypoglossal canal?

A

12th cranial nerve

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2
Q

What forms when the condylar process of the mandible articulates with the temporal bond?

A

Tempramandibular joint

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3
Q

Stylomastoid foramen, which is present b/w styloid process and mastoid process in the temporal bone, is imp bcz?

A

Existent of facial nerve CN Vll 7

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4
Q

The musculotubal canal is formed by ………….. and ……………?

A

Semi-canal for tensor tympani muscle and semi canal for pharyngotympanic tube

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5
Q

Which n passes from infraorbital groove,canal, foreman?

A

Infraorbital nerve

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6
Q

What passes from sphenopalatine foreman?

A

Nasopalatine nerve and Sphenopalatine artery

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7
Q

The posterior lacrimal crest is present on ……

……….?

A

Lacrimal bone

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8
Q

The anterior lacrimal crest is present on ……………

A

Frontal process on Maxilla

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9
Q

The Nasolacrimal canal drain into ……………?

A

Inferior nasal meatus

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10
Q

Which bone is responsible for the movement of tongue,speaking, and swallowing?

A

Hyoid bone

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11
Q

The hyoid bone is connected to the ………………. Via the ligaments?

A

Styloid process of the temporal bone

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12
Q

what passes from foreman spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery

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13
Q

which carotid artery passes through the carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery

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14
Q

Define ganglion?

A

is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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15
Q

Define nucleus of neuron?

A

is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem

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16
Q

………… is also called Tract is a bundle of axons(nerve fiber) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system, and it also makes up the white matter?

A

Fasciculus

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17
Q

Neuronal receptors are classified into 3 types?

A

1) exteroceptors:near body surface, perceive stimuli from external environment
2) interoceptors:perceive sensory info from visceral organs
3) proprioceptors:in joint capsules, muscle spindles, inner ear, they perceive info to aware the body of space and movement

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18
Q

Dermatome?

A

is the cutaneous area supplied by a single spinal nerve root

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19
Q

What is the meeting point for inferior nasal concha and maxilla?

A

Concha crest

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20
Q

bulla is on which bone?

A

Ethmoid bulla is on ethmoid bone

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21
Q

What are the 2 features of the temporomandibular joint?

A

Has a disc
And
Joint type is condylar

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22
Q

What is the type of atlantooccipital joint?

A

Occipital condyle

And articulates with Atlas

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23
Q

What is on the apex of the orbit?

A

Optic canal

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24
Q

What is the foramen on the zygomatic bone?

A

Zygomaticofacial foramen

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25
Q

what are the borders of the medial wall of the orbit?

A 
Nasal bone
frontal surface of maxilla
lacrimal bone
orbital surface of ethmoid bone
sphenoid body
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26
Q

what are the borders of the floor of the orbit?

A

palatine bone
orbital surface of maxilla
zygomatic bone

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27
Q

what are the borders of the roof of the orbit?

A

lesser wing of sphenoid bone

frontal bone

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28
Q

between the lesser wing of sphenoid and greater wing of sphenoid comes the……………..?

A

superior orbital fissure

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29
Q

the ………………….. connects the orbital to mid cranial fossa

A

superior orbital fissure

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30
Q

between the lateral wall and the floor of the orbit comes the ………………….?

A

inferior orbital fissure

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31
Q

the ……………….. connects the orbital to the inferatemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa

A

inferior orbital fissure

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32
Q

what passes from the inferior orbital fissure?

A

infraorbital a.v.n.
zygomatic nerve
maxillary nerve

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33
Q

what passes from the superior orbital fissure?

A 
Live For TON, Abducens. SOV.IOV.La.
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Abducens
Superior opthalmic vein
Inferior opthalmic vein
Lacrimal artery
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34
Q

what is the nerve that passes from incisive canal?

A

Nasopalatine nerve

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35
Q

What is the Enlargements of spinal cord

are in in those levels called?

A

Intumescentia

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36
Q

A ……… may be defined as an involuntary

response to a stimulus.

A

reflex

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37
Q

Ascending and descending fibers travel one
or two segments of spinal cord before
synapsing with the second order neurons and
form………………

A

posterolateral tract of Lissauer

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38
Q

what passes from the foramen magnum?

A

brain stem and accessory nerve

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39
Q

what is another name for external occipital protuberance?(imp look at image)

A

INOIN

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40
Q

what accompanies the external occipital protuberance/INION?

A

external occipital crest

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41
Q

the hypoglossal canal is to the ……… of the foramen magnum, while the condylar canal is to the …………. of the foramen magnum?

A

front

back

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42
Q

the ……………………… joins the body of the sphenoid w clivus

A

sphenooccipital synchondrosis

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43
Q

the …………….. on the temporal bone articulates with the …………. on the mandible bone to form the tempromandibular joint

A

mandibular fossa

mandibular head

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44
Q

where does the facial nerve CN7 pass through?

A

stylomastoid foramen

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45
Q

the 7th and 8th cranial nerves pass from what apparture?

A

internal acoustic meatus

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46
Q

what passes from the jugular foramen?GAVI

A 
accessory nerve
internal jugular vein
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
GAVI 9 10 11 j.v.
\+ 9th 10th 11th internal jugular vein
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47
Q

The …………………………… connects the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa

A

Sphenopalatine foramen

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48
Q

The Medela oblongata gives rise to which cranial nerves and which nuclei

A

Give rise to cranial nerves- CN IX to CN XII (9,10,11,12) . The nuclei of CN V (5) and CN VIII(8) extend caudally into the medulla

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49
Q

Which nucleus is responsible for the auditory function?

A

Medial geniculate

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50
Q

Which nucleus is responsible for the visual functions

A

Lateral geniculate

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51
Q

What in the ventricles?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

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52
Q

Which ventricle is the superior continuation of central canal?

A

Fourth ventricle

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53
Q

What is the foramen that is present above the anterior median fissure and it’s between the pons and the medulla?

A

Foramen caecum

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54
Q

What is the decussation present below the anterior median fissure

A

Decussation of pyramids

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55
Q

Which nerve emerges from the anterolateral sulcus?

A

Hypoglossal n

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56
Q

Which nerves emerge from the posterolateral sulcus

A

The glossopharyngeal nerve 9th, Vagus nerve 10th, and accessory nerve 11th

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57
Q

What is there between the anterolateral and posterolateral sulcus

A

Olive

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58
Q

The Olive is formed by what?

A

The Olive is formed by the inferior olivary complex of nuclei

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59
Q

The pyramid of the medulla oblongata is made up of what?

A

Superiorly: medial eminence
Inferiorly: facial colliculus

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60
Q

What is the name of the fourth ventricle in the medulla?

A

Steria medullaris

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61
Q

What is the structure that separates the two pyramids in the medulla?

A

Median sulcus

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62
Q

The facial colliculus, which is present inferiorly on the pyramid of the Medulla, is formed by which cranial nerves?

A

Abducens 6th CN

And 7th cranial nerve

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63
Q

The …………. connects the medulla to cerebellum

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

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64
Q

Which cranial nerve nuclei is responsible for the taste sense?

A

Nucleus of solitary tract 7,9,10th CN

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65
Q

The cranial nerves 9,10 ,and 11 in the medulla belong to which cranial nerve nuclei?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

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66
Q

Which cranial nerve has both sensory root and motor root and which route is the thickest 

A

Trigeminal nerve 5th CN ;Sensory root is the thickest

facial nerve 7th nerve ; motor nerve is thickest

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67
Q

Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve is located ………………… in medulla oblongata and the nucleus is located ………… to the tract

A

posterolateraly

Medial

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68
Q

Which of the nucleus of solitary tract or nucleus ambiguus are motor nucleus?

A

Nucleus ambiguus

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69
Q

Which of the cranium nucleus is a sensory afferent nucleus:the nucleus of solitary tract or the nucleus ambiguus?

A

Nucleus of solitary tract

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70
Q

Which nucleus represents a special visceral efferent (SVE) cell column whose axons innervate pharyngeal arch muscles of the larynx and pharynx

A

Nucleus ambiguus

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71
Q

What are the Intracerebellar nuclei?

A

dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial nuclei

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72
Q

What makes up the Cortex of cerebellum?

A

Neurons

Granular layer Purkinje cell layer Molecular layer

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73
Q

Does the cerebellum has direct connection w cerebral cortex and spinal cord?

A

No

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74
Q

what passes from the foramen ovale?

A

mandible nerve from trigeminal nerve division

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75
Q

what passes from the foramen rotundum?

A

maxillary nerve

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76
Q

Superior colliculus on the back of the midbrain is responsible for which reflex?

A

Visual reflexes

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77
Q

Inferior colliculus on the back of the midbrain is responsible for which reflex?

A

Auditory reflexes

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78
Q

Where are the corticospinal tracts present?

A

Pyramids (ipsilateral)

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79
Q

The medulla ends at the pyramidal decussation where the crossing of the ……………………. Occurs?

A

Corticospinal fibers

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80
Q

Which nerve emerges from the back of the mid-brain on the level of the inferior colliculus?

A

Trochlear 4th CN

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81
Q

What is the nucleus of the 7th 9th and 10th cranial nerves responsible for taste?

A

Nucleus of solitary tract

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82
Q

What is the nucleus of the 9th 10th and 11th cranial nerves?

A

Nucleus of ambiguus

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83
Q

The Nucleus of solitary tract (7,9,10) conveys ………… information from
larynx, pharynx, trachea, esophagus, thorax and abdominal viscera (GVA)

A

Sensory

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84
Q

Nucleus ambiguus represents a special visceral efferent (SVE) cell column whose axons innervate pharyngeal arch muscles of the larynx and pharynx. It conveys ………. Information

A

Motor

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85
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from interpeduncular fossa?

A

Oculomotor 3rd CN

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86
Q

Which vestibular nuclei belongs to the pons?

A

Superior vestibular nuclei

Lateral vestibular nuclei

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87
Q

Which vestibular nuclei belongs to the bulbus/medulla?

A

Inferior vestibular nuclei

Medial vestibular nuclei

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88
Q

Where is the reticular nuclei located?

A

Mid-brain
Pons
Medulla

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89
Q

What diffuse system is related with the awareness of human body (waking up from sleep)?

A

Reticular formation

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90
Q

Which arteries supply the medulla+ is responsible for several diseases?

A

1) Vertebral artery
2) Anterior spinal artery
3) PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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91
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus is important for?

A

Reflex activity

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92
Q

the central axon of olfactory receptor cells are called?

A

….

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93
Q

………….. separates the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

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94
Q

The telencephalon is made up of the ………….?

A

Cerebral hemispheres;cerebral cortex,white matter, basal ganglion

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95
Q

Gray matter is also known as………..?

A

Cerebral cortex

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96
Q

Falx cerebellum is located in……………?

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

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97
Q

If u make an opening in the lateral sulcus, which structure can u observe?

A

Insula

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98
Q

What does the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus determine?

A

Position/movement of limbs (proprioception)
Vibration
Fine touch

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99
Q

Which neurons convey Sensory inf. from SC to cerebellar cortex?

A

First order neuron (dorsal root ganglia)

Second order neuron(lamina of spinal cord)

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100
Q

Which neuron conveys Sensory inf. from SC to cerebral cortex ?

A

First order n. (dorsal root gang)
Second order n. (laminas of spinal cord or nucl gracilis, cuneatus)
Third order n. (thalamus)

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101
Q

Input/output is from posterior side of sc

A

Input

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102
Q

Input/output is from anterior side of sc

A

Output

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103
Q

What does the dorsal column-medial leminiscus DCML pathway determine? and what does it divided into?

A

Determines discriminative/fine touch, vibratory sense, conscious muscle joint sense

Two types of DCML:
Fasciculus cuneatus(upper limb)
Fasciculus gracilis(lower limb)
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104
Q

Fasciculus gracilis is located on the medially or laterally on the sc?

A

Medially

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105
Q

Fasciculus cuneatus is located on the medially or laterally on the sc?

A

Laterally

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106
Q

Both the gracilis fascicle and cuneate fascicle ascend through the …………. spinal cord all the way up to the ……………. where we can find the gracilis nucleus and cuneate nucleus

A

ipsilateral

medulla

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107
Q

What happens after the synapses of the dorsal column medial leminiscus reach the gracilis nucleus and cuneate nucleus?

A

Inside these two nuclei both fasciculi end by synopses synapsing on the bodies of the second order neurons.
second order neuronal axons now deccusate and form the pathway called medial leminiscus

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108
Q

What happens after the second order neuronal axons decussated and formed the pathway called medial leminiscus ?

A

The medial leminiscus ascends up to the contralateral thalamus, more specifically to the ventral posterolateral nucleus

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109
Q

What are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus

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110
Q

What is are the structures of the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland

Habenula

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111
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

Responsible for secreting melatonin( the sleeping hormone)

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112
Q

What are the structures of the epithalamus?

A 
HPPST:
Habenula
Pineal gland
Posterior commissure 
stria medullaris (connects habelunar nuclei to thalamus)
Tela choroidea of the ventricle
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113
Q

The habenula trigone can be divided into what? And what are their functions?

A

Lateral habilunar nuclei
Medial habilunar nuclei
—> both transmit impulses from limbic system to mesencephalon(midbrain)

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114
Q

The afferent pathways reach the habenular nuclei via the ……………………..?

A

stria medullaris thalami (connects septal area to habenula)

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115
Q

the amygdaloid body (one of the parts of habenula) is connected to the hypothalamus via…..?

A

stria terminalis

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116
Q

The habenula is connected to the interpenduncular nucleus by ……………………..?

A

Fasciculus retroflexus

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117
Q

The …………….. connects habenular nuclei to thalamus?

A

Stria medullaris

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118
Q

The teal choroidea give rise to …………… which produces csf

A

Choroid plexus

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119
Q

The pulvinar is separated from the Tectum by the ……….?

A

Habilunar sulcus

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120
Q

The habelunar trigone (lat. med. habelunar nuclei) functions in………………..?

A

These two nuclei transmit impulses from limbic system to mesencephalon

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121
Q

Corpus callosum is …………

A

The white matter

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122
Q

Pineal gland is also known as?

A

Epipheses gland (bcz the pineal gland is in the epithalamus)

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123
Q

What helps determine the calcification of pineal gland?

A

Brain sand

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124
Q

What are the functions of the pineal gland?

A

Dorsal third eye
• Biological clock for physiological and behavioural control
• Regulates sleep wake cycle
• Secretes a hormone, melatonin inhibits secretion of gonadotrophins from hypothalamus

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125
Q

The …………….. is one of the epithalmic structures and it’s important for light and visual reflexes

A

Posterior commissure

126
Q

What are the contents of the subthalamus?

A

1) subthalamic nuclei SN
2) subthalamic fasciculus SF
3) zona incerta ZI
4) ansa lenticularis AL
5) nuclei campi perizonalis NCP

127
Q

What are the locations of the subthalamic nucleus?

A 
Ventral to thalamus
Dorsal to substantia nigra 
(Between thalamus and substantia nigra)
Medial to internal capsule 
Superior to the hypothalamus
128
Q

The amyloid body participates in what?

A

Limbic system

129
Q

One of the terminology used to describe the basal nuclei is the lentiform nucleus, which is made up of what?

A

Putamen

Globes pallidus

130
Q

If the thalamus cannot process olfaction sensation then what can?

A

Rhinencephalon

131
Q

What can odors stimulate?

A

The limbic system(which controls emotions,olfaction, and homeostasis)

132
Q

Why do some smells trigger feelings and emotions?

A

Bcz odors trigger the limbic system

133
Q

What are the components of the limbic system that consist of non olfactory components?

A

Cingulate gyrus

Parahippocampal gurus

134
Q

The …………….. a group of structures that lie in the border zone between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus

A

Limbic system

135
Q

What are the four functions of the limbic system?

A

Emotion
Olfaction
Memory
Behavioral activities

136
Q

What is situated between the 2 thalami?

A

3rd ventricle

137
Q

What is the structure that separates the 2 thalami from each other?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

138
Q

The lentiform nucleus consists of?

A

Putamen and globus pallidus

139
Q

………………. Is a tremor occurs when fine movements are attempted?

A

Kinetic tremor

140
Q

…………… is a tremor occurs in basal ganglion lesions

A

Static

141
Q

The cerebrocerebellum aka …….. facilitates smooth, coordinated voluntary movements

A

Neocerebellum

142
Q

The ……………….. aka paleocerebellum maintains posture of voluntary movements

A

Spinocerbellum

143
Q

The vestibulocerebellum aka ……….. maintains equilibrium, balance , and posture

A

archicerebellum

144
Q

What is the nucleus of the spinocerebellum in vermis and in paravermal?

A

In the vermis(mid part) : fastigial
In the paravermal(lateral part): interposed
They work for motor execution

145
Q

What is the nuclei of cerebrocerebellum?

A

Dentate

For motor planning

146
Q

What is the nucleus of the the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Vestibular nuclei

For Motor planning

147
Q

………… is a condition where a person can not move his/her muscles as he/she wishes

A

Akinesia

148
Q

Frontal eye field is responsible for

A

Voluntary eye moves

Brodmann 8

149
Q

Occipital eye field is responsible for

A

The involuntary following of the objects by the eyes are controled by occipital eye field

150
Q

Which brodmann is the Cortical center of reading

A

Brodmann 39

151
Q

Which gyrus is related with reading?

A

Angular gyrus

152
Q

Foramina criprosa forms ………

A

Olfactory bulb

153
Q

The …………. and …………. areas form the primary olfactory cortex

The …………. area forms the secondary olfactory cortex

A

Prepiriform and periamygdaloid areas

Entorhinal area

154
Q

Which part of the brainstem mediates auditory and visual reflexes?

A

Midbrain/ mesencephalon

155
Q

Which two cranial nerves innervate the extraocular muscles of the eye?

A

3 occulomotor CN

4 Trochlear CN

156
Q

Which structure of the brainstem contains substantia nigra?

A

Midbrain

157
Q

To which cranial nerves does the midbrain give rise to?

A

CN3 and CN4

158
Q

The ……………. connects the 4th and 3rd ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct

159
Q

The forebrain is made up of

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

160
Q

The brachium of superior colliculus is connected to?

A

Lateral geniculate body

161
Q

The brachium of inferior colliculus is connected to?

A

Medial geniculate body

162
Q

……………. is a nuclei of extrapyramidal system?

A

Substantia nigra

163
Q

what part of the brainstem is called the center for respiration?

A

medulla oblangata

164
Q

what is the system that divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems? and what are those 2 terms mean?

A

the autonomic NS divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
sympathetic system triggers “fight or flight” senses
parasympathetic system brings all the systems of the body back to normal resting state after fight or flight

165
Q

what system divides into central and peripheral nervous systems?

A

nervous system

166
Q

a bundle of cell bodies in the CNS is called?

A

nucleus

167
Q

the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is associated with which type of neurons?

A

sensory neurons

168
Q

the ventral horn of the sc is associated with which type of neurons?

A

motor neurons

169
Q

what is refferred to as enlargement in the vertebral column?

A

Intumescentia

170
Q 
...... pairs of spinal nerves
..... pairs of cervical spinal nerves
..... pairs of thoracic spinal nerves
..... pairs of lumbar spinal nerves
...... pairs of sacral spinal nerves
...... pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves
A 
31
8
12
5
5
1
171
Q

…………… is the termination of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

172
Q

the spinal cord begins to narrow at the inferior limit of the ……………….?

A

lumbosacral enlargement L1

173
Q

anterior root of sc emerge from?

A

anterolateral sulcus

174
Q

posterior root emerge from ?

A

posterolateral sulcus

175
Q

the first cervical nerve emerges from atlas and occipital bone is called?

A

suboccipital nerve

176
Q

which nerve emerges between vertebrae C7 and T1?

A

C8 nerve

177
Q

the spinal fluid is present in the?

A

subarachnoid space

178
Q

which cell detects touch and pressure

A

merkel cells

179
Q

which cells detect sustained pressure?

A

ruffini endings

180
Q

which cells detect taps or light touch?

A

meissner corpuscules

181
Q

which cells detect vibration?

A

pacinian corpuscules

182
Q

The dorsal column medial leminiscus tract is what type of tract?

A

Ascending sensory tract

183
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract is what type of tract?

A

Descending motor tract

184
Q

The corticospinal tract is responsible for?

A

Muscle movement

185
Q

The reticulospinal tract is responsible for what?

A

Respiration (lungs)

186
Q

The rubrospinal tract is responsible for what?

A

Red nucleus

Facilitates the activity of flexor muscles and inhibits extensor muscles

187
Q

The vestibulospinal tract is responsible for what?

A

Facilitates the extensor muscles and inhibits the flexor muscles

188
Q

The corticonuclear(corticobulbar) fibers are responsible for what? And where do they travel in?

A

Motor fibers in facial muscles.

They descend through the corona radiata and the genu of the internal capsule (corticospinal tract)

189
Q

What are the tectospinal tracts responsible for? And what’s their origin? Where do they terminate?

A

Reflex postural movements in response to visual stimuli.
Origin: Superior colliculus, deep layer of inferior colliculus
Terminate at the cervical segment of sc

190
Q

What is the first lamina of the posterior horn of sc called?

A

Posterior Marginal nucleus

191
Q

What is the second lamina of the posterior horn of sc called? And what is its function?

A

Substantia gelatinosa:receives afferent fibers from pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure. (Spinothalmic tracts)

192
Q

Both the anterior spinothalmic and lateral spinothalmic tract travel through the ………. In the sc?

A

Posterior (dorsal) horn

193
Q

What are the 3rd and 4th laminas of the posterior horn of sc called? And what are they responsible for?

A

Nucleus proprius: proprioception and vibration

194
Q

What is the 5th and 6th laminas of the posterior horn of sc each responsible for?

A

V: pain and temperature
VI: proprioceptive senses and limb reflexes

195
Q

IMP: What is the origin of spinothalmic tract?

A

Substantia gelatinosa 2nd lamina of posterior horn

196
Q

What are the cell groups in the intermediate zone of spinal cord?

A

1) Clerke’s column 7th lamina
2) Intermediomedial nucleus 7th lamina (b/w clerke and intermediolateral nucleus)
3) Intermediolateral nucleus 7th lamina

197
Q

What is the lamina of the intermediate zone of the spinal cord?

A

Lamina 7

198
Q

The cell bodies that are relayed stations for the subcortical tracts (rubrospinal,vestibulospinal,reticulospinal,tectospinal) originate from which lamina in the spinal cord?

A

From the 8th lamina in the anterior horn of the sc

199
Q

Which group from the cell groups of the anterior horn of spinal cord innervate the muscles of the neck and trunk?

A

Medial group

200
Q

The vestibulospinal (extensor) and rubrospinal (flexor) tracts belong to the …………. group of sc?

A

Anterior group 8th lamina

201
Q

Midbrain or mesencephalon gives rise to which CN?

A

Trochlear 4th CN

202
Q

The superior and inferior colliculus belong to which structure on the brain stem?

A

Midbrain special the tectum

203
Q

What is the ventricular system of the midbrain?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

204
Q

What are the nuclei of occulomotor nerve?

A

Parasympathetic: visceral nuclei=Accessory occulomotor (Edinger-Westphal)

Sympathetic: nucleus of occulomotor nerve

205
Q

What is the nucleus located in the midbrain that is responsible for sleep and awareness?

A

Locus coeruleus nuclei

206
Q

The afferent pathway for light reflexes ends in the ………….?

A

Pretectal nucleus

207
Q

What is the parasympathetic nucleus of the occulomotor nerve?

A

Edinger- Westphal nucleus

208
Q

What is the sympathetic nucleus of the occulomotor nerve called?

A

Nucleus of occulomotor nerve

209
Q

the posterior commissure in the epithalamus is imp for?

A

light reflexes

210
Q

as a light is shown into one eye, causes the constriction of the opposite eye even though no light fell on that eye, this is called?

A

consensual light reflex

211
Q

both pupils constrict in the consensual light reflex because of the …………….?

A

pretectal nucleus

212
Q

the paralysis of eye movement affects the oblique muscle, which is innervated by which nerve?

A

trochlear nerve

213
Q

what are the decussations present in the midbrain and medulla called?

A

midbrain: decussation of cerebellar peduncle
medulla: decussation of pyramids

214
Q

the auditory pathway passes from which leminiscus?

A

lateral leminiscus

215
Q

the anterolateral tracts pass from which leminiscus?

A

spinal leminiscus

216
Q

the nucleus of occulomotor nerve originate from which fossa?

A

from interpendicular fossa in midbrain

217
Q

the decussation of fibers originating from superior colliculi (tectospinal and tectobulbar) occurs at?

A

meynert

218
Q

the decussation of rubrospinal tract fibers creates …………………?

A

ventral tegmental decussation of FOREL

219
Q

what is the function of each Locus Caeruleus in the pons and midbrain?

A

the locus caeruleus in pons: physiological reactions due to stress and panic
the locus caeruleus in midbrain: sleep and awareness

220
Q

what connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus and septal area?

A

fornix (memory pathway)

221
Q

what connects the amygdala to the hypothalamus and septal area?

A

stria terminalis

222
Q

what tract is present between the hypothalamus and the ventral tegmental area ?

A

Mamillotegmental tract

223
Q

which peduncle is present between the hypothalamus and the ventral tegmental area ?

A

mamillary peduncle

224
Q

brodmann 41?

A

primary auditory area

receives fibers from medial geniculate body via acoustic radiation

225
Q

brodmann 42?

A

secondary auditory area

related to wernicke

226
Q

brodmann 43?

A

taste area

receives fibers from ventral posteroMEDIAL

227
Q

brodmann 34?

A

area of smell

228
Q

brodmann 17?

A

primary visual area

receives fibers from lateral geniculate body

229
Q

the …………………. connects broca and wernicke areas?

A

arcuate fasciculus

230
Q

lesions of premotor area causes?

A

Apraxis: difficulty in performing a skilled movement
“if an individual wants to point at his nose, he’s unable to. but when he wants to scratch his nose because it’s itching, then he can”

231
Q

what is the primary visual area and secondary visual area?

A

primary visual area: brodmann 17

secondary visual area: brodmann 39 (also for reading)

232
Q

Which artery from the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery forms the circle of Willis

A

Posterior communicating artery

233
Q

The ………….artery is a part of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery and passes through the optic canal and supplies the eye ball

A

Ophthalmic artery

234
Q

What are the arteries of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery?

A 
Ophthalmic artery (imp)
Posterior communicating artery(forms Willis)
Superior hypophysial(pituitary) artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Anterior choroidal artery
235
Q

The …………… artery runs horizontally through the cavernous sinus?

A

Internal carotid artery

236
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

Facial supply and CNS

237
Q

What does the external carotid artery supply?

A

Neck and head

238
Q

which senses pass through ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral fibers?

A

VPM: tasting sense
VPL: all senses

239
Q

medial and lateral geniculate bodies are related to which structure?

A

thalamus

240
Q

what is thalamic pain syndrome?

A

the patient feels painful sensations from light touch and cold sensations and fails to respond to analgesic drugs

241
Q

what does the metathalamus consist of?

A

lateral geniculate body

medial geniculate body

242
Q

the anterior thalamic nuclei is related to what?

A

lymbic system and hypothalamus

243
Q

the medial part of the thalamus has relations to?

A

sensory information

244
Q

the ventral part of the thalamus is related to ?

A

motor functions

245
Q

what are the borders of the thalamus?

A

anteriorly: intraventricular foramen, caudate nucleus, internal capsule
posteriorly: pulvinar
inferiorly: hypothalamus(anterior), subthalamus(posterior)

246
Q

………… is present b/w thalamus and hypothalamus

A

hypothalamic sulcus

247
Q

the …………. acts as a connection b/w hypothalamus and hypophysis ?

A

infundibulum

248
Q

the preoptic area is apart of which structure?

A

in the hypothalamus

it extends forward from the optic chiasma to the lamina terminalis and the anterior commissure

249
Q

what is there on the lateral border of the hypothalamus?

A

optic tract
ant of subthalamus
ant of internal capsule

250
Q

hypothalamus functions in:

A 
autonomic nervous system 
Water electrolite balance
Urge to eat 
Energy balance
Reproduction
Temperature regulation 
Hemostasis
Regulation of emotional response by autonomic NS and neuroendocrine system
251
Q

what are the nuclei of the hypothalamus present medially?

A

paraventricular n
ventromedial n
arcuate n

252
Q

what are the hypothalamic nuclei present laterally?

A

preoptic n
supraoptic n
tuberal region
mammillary region

253
Q

which part of the hypothalamus induces eating?

A

lateral hypothalmic nucleus

254
Q

what is the lesion of the lateral hypthalmic nucleus?

A

anorexia and starvation

255
Q

which part of the hypothalamus plays a role in circadian rhythm

A

lateral preoptic nucleus?

256
Q

the ……….. region of the hypothalamus directly synthesizes hormones that go to the hypophysis?

A

supraoptic region

257
Q

SUPRAOPTIC region(of hypothalamus) :
…………….: synth Antidiuretic hormone
……………: synth oxytocin
…………….: plays a role in circadian rythm
……………: plays a role in autonomic NS (parasympathetic NS)

A

supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus
suprachiasmatic nucleus
anterior nucleus

258
Q

TUBERAL region (of hypothalamus):
………………: produces hypothalmic releasing factors
……………….: satiety center, inhibits the urge to eat (الشبع)

A

arcuate (infundibular) nucleus

ventromedial nucleus

259
Q

what is the lesion that results from ventromedial nucleus (satiation center)?

A

Bilateral destruction results in hyperphagia, obesity

260
Q

which cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibers?

A

3 oculomotor
7 facial
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus

261
Q

IMP……………. extends from the hypothalamus to the caudal medulla (brainstem). Projects to the parasympathetic nuclei of brainstem

A

DORSAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS

262
Q

how does the Adenohypophysis (

hypophysis)control endocrine system?

A

The anterior lobe hormones of Adenohypophysis include GH, prolactin (LTH),ACTH, TSH, LH, and FSH –> secreted then go to blood to endocrine system

263
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the hypophysis (pituitary gland) by two pathways:

A

1) Supra-optico-hypophysial tract/Hypo-thalamo-hypophysis tract
2) Hypophyseal portal system/Tuberohypophyseal tract

264
Q

which pathway connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis(pituitary gland) by nerve fibers?

A

supraopticohypophysial tract or hypothalamohypophysis tract: nerve fibers that travel from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (=Neurohypophysis)

265
Q

which pathway connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis(pituitary gland) by blood vessels?

A

tuberohypophyseal tract or hypophyseal portal system: blood vessels that connect sinusoids in the median eminence and infundibulum(in hypothalamus)with capillary plexuses in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis (=Adenohypophysis)
BASICALLY connects the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis

266
Q

The hormone ……………. is produced mainly in the nerve cells of the supraoptic nucleus
Its function is to cause vasoconstriction
It also has an important antidiuretic function

A

VASOPRESSIN (ADH)

267
Q

…………….. is produced mainly ln the paraventricular nucleus.
It stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus+ labor contractions

A

OXYTOCİN

268
Q

……………. hypothalamus has an excitatory effect on the parasympathetic nervous system
…………….. hypoyhalamus has an excitatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system

A

anterior

posterior

268
Q

……………. hypothalamus has an excitatory effect on the parasympathetic nervous system
…………….. hypoyhalamus has an excitatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system

A

anterior

posterior

269
Q

……………. hypothalamus has an excitatory effect on the parasympathetic nervous system;regulate and maintain body temperature.Destruction causes hyperthermia
…………….. hypoyhalamus has an excitatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system; produce and conseve heat. Destruction causes the inability to thermoregulate

A

anterior

posterior

270
Q

What supplies the basal ganglia (lentiform n, caudate n, internal capsule)?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

271
Q

The lateral and medial geniculate bodies and choroid plexus are supplied by which artery?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

272
Q

Inferior sagital sinus joins with the ……….. to form the straight sinus

A

Great cerebral vein

273
Q

Which type of stroke includes thrombosis and which type includes rupture of a vessel?

A

Ischemic stroke has thrombosis

Hemorrhagic stroke has a ruptured vessel

274
Q

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is apart of the …………….
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is a part of the ……………

A

Basilar artery

Vertebral artery

275
Q

What are the branches of the Basilar artery?

A

1) pontine a
2) Labyrinth a
3) Anterior inferior cerebellar a
4) superior cerebellar a
5) posterior cerebral a

276
Q 
the cingulum, 
inferior/superior longitudinal fissure, 
fronto-occipital fascicule, 
external capsule, extreme capsule, 
uncinate fasciculus 
are apart of which fibers?
A

association fibers

277
Q

the genu of the Corpus callosum forms the …………….?

A

forceps minor

278
Q

the splenium part of the Corpus callosum forms the …………….?

A

forceps major

279
Q

………………. tract passes from Genu(forceps minor) of corpus callosum

A

corticonucleur tract

280
Q

which part of the limbic system consists of both commissure and association fibers?

A

Fornix

281
Q

the Genu,
posterior limb, anterior limb,
and fornix
are apart of which fibers?

A

projection fibers

282
Q

the corpus callosum is apart of which fibers?

A

commissural fibers (includes anterior commissure, posterior commissure, habenular and hippocampal commissure)

283
Q

the retrolentiform part (optic radiation) and sublentiform part (acoustic radiation) are a part of the …………………

A

posterior limb (of internal capsule)

284
Q

the anterior commissure participates in ……..?

A

limbic system and olfaction

285
Q

lesion in the arcuate fascicule(connects broca to wernicke) creates ……………….. where someone may find it difficult to repeat heard speech

A

conduction aphasia

286
Q

on the spinal cord the level of sympathetic NS is ……………….?

A

T1–L2

287
Q

the ANS extends from …… horn on sc?

A

intermediate lateral horn

288
Q

the hypothalamus is responsible for which systems?

A

endocrine and autonomic NS

289
Q

the sympathetic neurons (pre and post ganglion) synapse at ………………?

A

sympathetic synapse at autonomic ganglion

290
Q

in ANS: postsynaptic axons are …………. while presynaptic axons are ……………..?

A

non-myelinated

myelinated

291
Q

the ……….. axons in somatic nervous system are myelinated?

A

efferent

292
Q

what is the high control known as?

A

hypothalamus

293
Q

the fibers in ANS pass from …… ganglia, which forms the sympathetic trunk

A

paravertebral

294
Q

IMP: preganglions(myelinated) axons –> anterior root –> …………………………….. –> synapse at paravertebral ganglia of sympathetic trunk –>postganglionic axon –> ……………………………. –> spinal nerve –> body part

A

white rami communicant

gray rami communicant

295
Q

IMP what are the 3 ways that when preganglionic reach sympathetic NS are distributed?

A

SYMPATHETIC

1) anterior horn–> postganglionic axons–>gray rami communicants–> synapse at THORACIC (same lvl) spinal region
2) anterior horn–> postganglionic axons–>gray rami communicants–>synapse at CERVICAL(higher lvl) spinal region (could be higher or lower lvl)
3) Myelinated fibers WITHOUT SYNAPSING leave the sympathetic trunk as greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves THEN SYNAPSE AT PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION

296
Q

what are the levels of splanchnic nerves on spinal cord?

A

T5-T9 greater splanchnic nerves
T10-T11 lesser splanchnic nerves
T12 least splanchnic nerves

297
Q

what is it called when 2 chains or paravertebral trunks join together?

A

Ganglion impar

298
Q

IMP The Stellat ganglion is known as which sympathetic ganglion ?

A

cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglion C7,8-T1

299
Q

the internal and external carotid nerves come from which ganglion?

A

superior cervical ganglion

300
Q

what is Ptosis, Anhidrosis, and Miosis? Which syndrome are they categorized into?

A 
Horner syndrome:
Ptosis: drooped eyelid
\+
Anhidrosis: failure to sweat
\+
Miosis: one pupil disproportionality (one is smaller than the other)
301
Q

the bladder wall is contracted and sphincters(poop excretion) are opened during sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic NS

302
Q

…..CN ciliary ganglion
…..CN Pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion
…..CN Otic ganglion
…..CN peripheral autonomic ganglion

A

occulomotor 3
facial 7
glossopharyngeal 9
vagus 10

303
Q

IMP explain the mechanism of pupil contraction and dilation?

A

Occulomotor nerve–> (presynaptic parasympathetic) ciliary ganglion–> SHORT ciliary nerves–> sphincter muscles of pupil ciliary muscle CONTRACT

Superior cervical ganglion–> (postsynaptic sympathetic)ciliary ganglion–>LONG ciliary nerve–> DILATOR muscle of pupil

304
Q

IMP synaptic fibers pass from pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing to the ……………….?

A

orbital muscles

305
Q

the Pachymenix and Leptomenix are also known as ?

A

Pachymenix: dura mater
leptomenix: arachnoid mater and pia mater

306
Q

what is the respiratory center in brainstem?

A

medulla oblangata

307
Q

Occlusion of which artery affects the dorsolateral part of the lateral medulla and produces the lateral medullary Wallenberg syndrome?

A

PICA posterior inferior cerebellar artery

308
Q

Which tremor occurs in cerebellar regions and which tremor occurs in basal ganglion lesions?

A

Kinetic tremor: tremor occurs when fine movements are attempted and occurs in cerebellar lesions

Static tremor: tremor occurs in basal gangion lesions

309
Q

Receptor potential is a …….

A

Graded potential

310
Q

Trapezoid body, in the pons, is a part of the auditory pathway which passes from which leminiscus?

A

Lateral leminiscus

311
Q

What are the 3 pons proper (Basilar portion) ?

A

Pontine nuclei
Transverse pontine fibers
Longitudinal fibers

Med203 (6 decks)

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