Neurocranium Bones Flashcards
1
Q
What nerve passes from Hypoglossal canal?
A
12th cranial nerve
2
Q
What forms when the condylar process of the mandible articulates with the temporal bond?
A
Tempramandibular joint
3
Q
Stylomastoid foramen, which is present b/w styloid process and mastoid process in the temporal bone, is imp bcz?
A
Existent of facial nerve CN Vll 7
4
Q
The musculotubal canal is formed by ………….. and ……………?
A
Semi-canal for tensor tympani muscle and semi canal for pharyngotympanic tube
5
Q
Which n passes from infraorbital groove,canal, foreman?
A
Infraorbital nerve
6
Q
What passes from sphenopalatine foreman?
A
Nasopalatine nerve and Sphenopalatine artery
7
Q
The posterior lacrimal crest is present on ……
……….?
A
Lacrimal bone
8
Q
The anterior lacrimal crest is present on ……………
A
Frontal process on Maxilla
9
Q
The Nasolacrimal canal drain into ……………?
A
Inferior nasal meatus
10
Q
Which bone is responsible for the movement of tongue,speaking, and swallowing?
A
Hyoid bone
11
Q
The hyoid bone is connected to the ………………. Via the ligaments?
A
Styloid process of the temporal bone
12
Q
what passes from foreman spinosum?
A
middle meningeal artery
13
Q
which carotid artery passes through the carotid canal?
A
internal carotid artery
14
Q
Define ganglion?
A
is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
15
Q
Define nucleus of neuron?
A
is a cluster of neurons in the central nervous system, located deep within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
16
Q
………… is also called Tract is a bundle of axons(nerve fiber) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system, and it also makes up the white matter?
A
Fasciculus
17
Q
Neuronal receptors are classified into 3 types?
A
1) exteroceptors:near body surface, perceive stimuli from external environment
2) interoceptors:perceive sensory info from visceral organs
3) proprioceptors:in joint capsules, muscle spindles, inner ear, they perceive info to aware the body of space and movement
18
Q
Dermatome?
A
is the cutaneous area supplied by a single spinal nerve root
19
Q
What is the meeting point for inferior nasal concha and maxilla?
A
Concha crest
20
Q
bulla is on which bone?
A
Ethmoid bulla is on ethmoid bone
21
Q
What are the 2 features of the temporomandibular joint?
A
Has a disc
And
Joint type is condylar
22
Q
What is the type of atlantooccipital joint?
A
Occipital condyle
And articulates with Atlas
23
Q
What is on the apex of the orbit?
A
Optic canal
24
Q
What is the foramen on the zygomatic bone?
A
Zygomaticofacial foramen
25
what are the borders of the medial wall of the orbit?
```
Nasal bone
frontal surface of maxilla
lacrimal bone
orbital surface of ethmoid bone
sphenoid body
```
26
what are the borders of the floor of the orbit?
palatine bone
orbital surface of maxilla
zygomatic bone
27
what are the borders of the roof of the orbit?
lesser wing of sphenoid bone
| frontal bone
28
between the lesser wing of sphenoid and greater wing of sphenoid comes the.................?
superior orbital fissure
29
the ....................... connects the orbital to mid cranial fossa
superior orbital fissure
30
between the lateral wall and the floor of the orbit comes the ......................?
inferior orbital fissure
31
the .................... connects the orbital to the inferatemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa
inferior orbital fissure
32
what passes from the inferior orbital fissure?
infraorbital a.v.n.
zygomatic nerve
maxillary nerve
33
what passes from the superior orbital fissure?
```
Live For TON, Abducens. SOV.IOV.La.
Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Trochlear nerve
Oculomotor nerve
Nasociliary nerve
Abducens
Superior opthalmic vein
Inferior opthalmic vein
Lacrimal artery
```
34
what is the nerve that passes from incisive canal?
Nasopalatine nerve
35
What is the Enlargements of spinal cord
| are in in those levels called?
Intumescentia
36
A ......... may be defined as an involuntary
| response to a stimulus.
reflex
37
Ascending and descending fibers travel one
or two segments of spinal cord before
synapsing with the second order neurons and
form..................
posterolateral tract of Lissauer
38
what passes from the foramen magnum?
brain stem and accessory nerve
39
what is another name for external occipital protuberance?(imp look at image)
INOIN
40
what accompanies the external occipital protuberance/INION?
external occipital crest
41
the hypoglossal canal is to the ......... of the foramen magnum, while the condylar canal is to the ............. of the foramen magnum?
front
| back
42
the ........................... joins the body of the sphenoid w clivus
sphenooccipital synchondrosis
43
the ................. on the temporal bone articulates with the ............. on the mandible bone to form the tempromandibular joint
mandibular fossa
| mandibular head
44
where does the facial nerve CN7 pass through?
stylomastoid foramen
45
the 7th and 8th cranial nerves pass from what apparture?
internal acoustic meatus
46
what passes from the jugular foramen?GAVI
```
accessory nerve
internal jugular vein
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
GAVI 9 10 11 j.v.
+ 9th 10th 11th internal jugular vein
```
47
The …………………………… connects the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa
Sphenopalatine foramen
48
The Medela oblongata gives rise to which cranial nerves and which nuclei
Give rise to cranial nerves- CN IX to CN XII (9,10,11,12) . The nuclei of CN V (5) and CN VIII(8) extend caudally into the medulla
49
Which nucleus is responsible for the auditory function?
Medial geniculate
50
Which nucleus is responsible for the visual functions
Lateral geniculate
51
What in the ventricles?
Cerebral spinal fluid
52
Which ventricle is the superior continuation of central canal?
Fourth ventricle
53
What is the foramen that is present above the anterior median fissure and it’s between the pons and the medulla?
Foramen caecum
54
What is the decussation present below the anterior median fissure
Decussation of pyramids
55
Which nerve emerges from the anterolateral sulcus?
Hypoglossal n
56
Which nerves emerge from the posterolateral sulcus
The glossopharyngeal nerve 9th, Vagus nerve 10th, and accessory nerve 11th
57
What is there between the anterolateral and posterolateral sulcus
Olive
58
The Olive is formed by what?
The Olive is formed by the inferior olivary complex of nuclei
59
The pyramid of the medulla oblongata is made up of what?
Superiorly: medial eminence
Inferiorly: facial colliculus
60
What is the name of the fourth ventricle in the medulla?
Steria medullaris
61
What is the structure that separates the two pyramids in the medulla?
Median sulcus
62
The facial colliculus, which is present inferiorly on the pyramid of the Medulla, is formed by which cranial nerves?
Abducens 6th CN
| And 7th cranial nerve
63
The …………. connects the medulla to cerebellum
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
64
Which cranial nerve nuclei is responsible for the taste sense?
Nucleus of solitary tract 7,9,10th CN
65
The cranial nerves 9,10 ,and 11 in the medulla belong to which cranial nerve nuclei?
Nucleus ambiguus
66
Which cranial nerve has both sensory root and motor root and which route is the thickest 
Trigeminal nerve 5th CN ;Sensory root is the thickest
| facial nerve 7th nerve ; motor nerve is thickest
67
Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve is located ………………… in medulla oblongata and the nucleus is located ………… to the tract
posterolateraly
| Medial
68
Which of the nucleus of solitary tract or nucleus ambiguus are motor nucleus?
Nucleus ambiguus
69
Which of the cranium nucleus is a sensory afferent nucleus:the nucleus of solitary tract or the nucleus ambiguus?
Nucleus of solitary tract
70
Which nucleus represents a special visceral efferent (SVE) cell column whose axons innervate pharyngeal arch muscles of the larynx and pharynx
Nucleus ambiguus
71
What are the Intracerebellar nuclei?
dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial nuclei
72
What makes up the Cortex of cerebellum?
Neurons
| Granular layer Purkinje cell layer Molecular layer
73
Does the cerebellum has direct connection w cerebral cortex and spinal cord?
No
74
what passes from the foramen ovale?
mandible nerve from trigeminal nerve division
75
what passes from the foramen rotundum?
maxillary nerve
76
Superior colliculus on the back of the midbrain is responsible for which reflex?
Visual reflexes
77
Inferior colliculus on the back of the midbrain is responsible for which reflex?
Auditory reflexes
78
Where are the corticospinal tracts present?
Pyramids (ipsilateral)
79
The medulla ends at the pyramidal decussation where the crossing of the ……………………. Occurs?
Corticospinal fibers
80
Which nerve emerges from the back of the mid-brain on the level of the inferior colliculus?
Trochlear 4th CN
81
What is the nucleus of the 7th 9th and 10th cranial nerves responsible for taste?
Nucleus of solitary tract
82
What is the nucleus of the 9th 10th and 11th cranial nerves?
Nucleus of ambiguus
83
The Nucleus of solitary tract (7,9,10) conveys ………… information from
larynx, pharynx, trachea, esophagus, thorax and abdominal viscera (GVA)
Sensory
84
Nucleus ambiguus represents a special visceral efferent (SVE) cell column whose axons innervate pharyngeal arch muscles of the larynx and pharynx. It conveys ………. Information
Motor
85
Which cranial nerve emerges from interpeduncular fossa?
Oculomotor 3rd CN
86
Which vestibular nuclei belongs to the pons?
Superior vestibular nuclei
| Lateral vestibular nuclei
87
Which vestibular nuclei belongs to the bulbus/medulla?
Inferior vestibular nuclei
| Medial vestibular nuclei
88
Where is the reticular nuclei located?
Mid-brain
Pons
Medulla
89
What diffuse system is related with the awareness of human body (waking up from sleep)?
Reticular formation
90
Which arteries supply the medulla+ is responsible for several diseases?
1) Vertebral artery
2) Anterior spinal artery
3) PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery
91
Medial longitudinal fasciculus is important for?
Reflex activity
92
the central axon of olfactory receptor cells are called?
....
93
………….. separates the two cerebral hemispheres
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
94
The telencephalon is made up of the ………….?
Cerebral hemispheres;cerebral cortex,white matter, basal ganglion
95
Gray matter is also known as………..?
Cerebral cortex
96
Falx cerebellum is located in……………?
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
97
If u make an opening in the lateral sulcus, which structure can u observe?
Insula
98
What does the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus determine?
Position/movement of limbs (proprioception)
Vibration
Fine touch
99
Which neurons convey Sensory inf. from SC to cerebellar cortex?
First order neuron (dorsal root ganglia)
| Second order neuron(lamina of spinal cord)
100
Which neuron conveys Sensory inf. from SC to cerebral cortex ?
First order n. (dorsal root gang)
Second order n. (laminas of spinal cord or nucl gracilis, cuneatus)
Third order n. (thalamus)
101
Input/output is from posterior side of sc
Input
102
Input/output is from anterior side of sc
Output
103
What does the dorsal column-medial leminiscus DCML pathway determine? and what does it divided into?
Determines discriminative/fine touch, vibratory sense, conscious muscle joint sense
```
Two types of DCML:
Fasciculus cuneatus(upper limb)
Fasciculus gracilis(lower limb)
```
104
Fasciculus gracilis is located on the medially or laterally on the sc?
Medially
105
Fasciculus cuneatus is located on the medially or laterally on the sc?
Laterally
106
Both the gracilis fascicle and cuneate fascicle ascend through the …………. spinal cord all the way up to the ……………. where we can find the gracilis nucleus and cuneate nucleus
ipsilateral
| medulla
107
What happens after the synapses of the dorsal column medial leminiscus reach the gracilis nucleus and cuneate nucleus?
Inside these two nuclei both fasciculi end by synopses synapsing on the bodies of the second order neurons.
second order neuronal axons now deccusate and form the pathway called medial leminiscus
108
What happens after the second order neuronal axons decussated and formed the pathway called medial leminiscus ?
The medial leminiscus ascends up to the contralateral thalamus, more specifically to the ventral posterolateral nucleus
109
What are the parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamus
110
What is are the structures of the epithalamus?
Pineal gland
| Habenula
111
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Responsible for secreting melatonin( the sleeping hormone)
112
What are the structures of the epithalamus?
```
HPPST:
Habenula
Pineal gland
Posterior commissure
stria medullaris (connects habelunar nuclei to thalamus)
Tela choroidea of the ventricle
```
113
The habenula trigone can be divided into what? And what are their functions?
Lateral habilunar nuclei
Medial habilunar nuclei
—> both transmit impulses from limbic system to mesencephalon(midbrain)
114
The afferent pathways reach the habenular nuclei via the ……………………..?
stria medullaris thalami (connects septal area to habenula)
115
the amygdaloid body (one of the parts of habenula) is connected to the hypothalamus via…..?
stria terminalis
116
The habenula is connected to the interpenduncular nucleus by ……………………..?
Fasciculus retroflexus
117
The …………….. connects habenular nuclei to thalamus?
Stria medullaris
118
The teal choroidea give rise to …………… which produces csf
Choroid plexus
119
The pulvinar is separated from the Tectum by the ……….?
Habilunar sulcus
120
The habelunar trigone (lat. med. habelunar nuclei) functions in………………..?
These two nuclei transmit impulses from limbic system to mesencephalon
121
Corpus callosum is …………
The white matter
122
Pineal gland is also known as?
Epipheses gland (bcz the pineal gland is in the epithalamus)
123
What helps determine the calcification of pineal gland?
Brain sand
124
What are the functions of the pineal gland?
Dorsal third eye
• Biological clock for physiological and behavioural control
• Regulates sleep wake cycle
• Secretes a hormone, melatonin inhibits secretion of gonadotrophins from hypothalamus
125
The …………….. is one of the epithalmic structures and it’s important for light and visual reflexes
Posterior commissure
126
What are the contents of the subthalamus?
1) subthalamic nuclei SN
2) subthalamic fasciculus SF
3) zona incerta ZI
4) ansa lenticularis AL
5) nuclei campi perizonalis NCP
127
What are the locations of the subthalamic nucleus?
```
Ventral to thalamus
Dorsal to substantia nigra
(Between thalamus and substantia nigra)
Medial to internal capsule
Superior to the hypothalamus
```
128
The amyloid body participates in what?
Limbic system
129
One of the terminology used to describe the basal nuclei is the lentiform nucleus, which is made up of what?
Putamen
| Globes pallidus
130
If the thalamus cannot process olfaction sensation then what can?
Rhinencephalon
131
What can odors stimulate?
The limbic system(which controls emotions,olfaction, and homeostasis)
132
Why do some smells trigger feelings and emotions?
Bcz odors trigger the limbic system
133
What are the components of the limbic system that consist of non olfactory components?
Cingulate gyrus
| Parahippocampal gurus
134
The …………….. a group of structures that lie in the border zone between the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus
Limbic system
135
What are the four functions of the limbic system?
Emotion
Olfaction
Memory
Behavioral activities
136
What is situated between the 2 thalami?
3rd ventricle
137
What is the structure that separates the 2 thalami from each other?
Hypothalamic sulcus
138
The lentiform nucleus consists of?
Putamen and globus pallidus
139
………………. Is a tremor occurs when fine movements are attempted?
Kinetic tremor
140
…………… is a tremor occurs in basal ganglion lesions
Static
141
The cerebrocerebellum aka …….. facilitates smooth, coordinated voluntary movements
Neocerebellum
142
The ……………….. aka paleocerebellum maintains posture of voluntary movements
Spinocerbellum
143
The vestibulocerebellum aka ……….. maintains equilibrium, balance , and posture
archicerebellum
144
What is the nucleus of the spinocerebellum in vermis and in paravermal?
In the vermis(mid part) : fastigial
In the paravermal(lateral part): interposed
They work for motor execution
145
What is the nuclei of cerebrocerebellum?
Dentate
| For motor planning
146
What is the nucleus of the the vestibulocerebellum?
Vestibular nuclei
| For Motor planning
147
………… is a condition where a person can not move his/her muscles as he/she wishes
Akinesia
148
Frontal eye field is responsible for
Voluntary eye moves
| Brodmann 8
149
Occipital eye field is responsible for
The involuntary following of the objects by the eyes are controled by occipital eye field
150
Which brodmann is the Cortical center of reading
Brodmann 39
151
Which gyrus is related with reading?
Angular gyrus
152
Foramina criprosa forms ………
Olfactory bulb
153
The …………. and …………. areas form the primary olfactory cortex
| The …………. area forms the secondary olfactory cortex
Prepiriform and periamygdaloid areas
| Entorhinal area
154
Which part of the brainstem mediates auditory and visual reflexes?
Midbrain/ mesencephalon
155
Which two cranial nerves innervate the extraocular muscles of the eye?
3 occulomotor CN
| 4 Trochlear CN
156
Which structure of the brainstem contains substantia nigra?
Midbrain
157
To which cranial nerves does the midbrain give rise to?
CN3 and CN4
158
The ……………. connects the 4th and 3rd ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct
159
The forebrain is made up of
Telencephalon and diencephalon
160
The brachium of superior colliculus is connected to?
Lateral geniculate body
161
The brachium of inferior colliculus is connected to?
Medial geniculate body
162
……………. is a nuclei of extrapyramidal system?
Substantia nigra
163
what part of the brainstem is called the center for respiration?
medulla oblangata
164
what is the system that divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems? and what are those 2 terms mean?
the autonomic NS divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
sympathetic system triggers "fight or flight" senses
parasympathetic system brings all the systems of the body back to normal resting state after fight or flight
165
what system divides into central and peripheral nervous systems?
nervous system
166
a bundle of cell bodies in the CNS is called?
nucleus
167
the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is associated with which type of neurons?
sensory neurons
168
the ventral horn of the sc is associated with which type of neurons?
motor neurons
169
what is refferred to as enlargement in the vertebral column?
Intumescentia
170
```
...... pairs of spinal nerves
..... pairs of cervical spinal nerves
..... pairs of thoracic spinal nerves
..... pairs of lumbar spinal nerves
...... pairs of sacral spinal nerves
...... pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves
```
```
31
8
12
5
5
1
```
171
............... is the termination of the spinal cord
conus medullaris
172
the spinal cord begins to narrow at the inferior limit of the ...................?
lumbosacral enlargement L1
173
anterior root of sc emerge from?
anterolateral sulcus
174
posterior root emerge from ?
posterolateral sulcus
175
the first cervical nerve emerges from atlas and occipital bone is called?
suboccipital nerve
176
which nerve emerges between vertebrae C7 and T1?
C8 nerve
177
the spinal fluid is present in the?
subarachnoid space
178
which cell detects touch and pressure
merkel cells
179
which cells detect sustained pressure?
ruffini endings
180
which cells detect taps or light touch?
meissner corpuscules
181
which cells detect vibration?
pacinian corpuscules
182
The dorsal column medial leminiscus tract is what type of tract?
Ascending sensory tract
183
The lateral corticospinal tract is what type of tract?
Descending motor tract
184
The corticospinal tract is responsible for?
Muscle movement
185
The reticulospinal tract is responsible for what?
Respiration (lungs)
186
The rubrospinal tract is responsible for what?
Red nucleus
| Facilitates the activity of flexor muscles and inhibits extensor muscles
187
The vestibulospinal tract is responsible for what?
Facilitates the extensor muscles and inhibits the flexor muscles
188
The corticonuclear(corticobulbar) fibers are responsible for what? And where do they travel in?
Motor fibers in facial muscles.
| They descend through the corona radiata and the genu of the internal capsule (corticospinal tract)
189
What are the tectospinal tracts responsible for? And what’s their origin? Where do they terminate?
Reflex postural movements in response to visual stimuli.
Origin: Superior colliculus, deep layer of inferior colliculus
Terminate at the cervical segment of sc
190
What is the first lamina of the posterior horn of sc called?
Posterior Marginal nucleus
191
What is the second lamina of the posterior horn of sc called? And what is its function?
Substantia gelatinosa:receives afferent fibers from pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure. (Spinothalmic tracts)
192
Both the anterior spinothalmic and lateral spinothalmic tract travel through the ………. In the sc?
Posterior (dorsal) horn
193
What are the 3rd and 4th laminas of the posterior horn of sc called? And what are they responsible for?
Nucleus proprius: proprioception and vibration
194
What is the 5th and 6th laminas of the posterior horn of sc each responsible for?
V: pain and temperature
VI: proprioceptive senses and limb reflexes
195
IMP: What is the origin of spinothalmic tract?
Substantia gelatinosa 2nd lamina of posterior horn
196
What are the cell groups in the intermediate zone of spinal cord?
1) Clerke’s column 7th lamina
2) Intermediomedial nucleus 7th lamina (b/w clerke and intermediolateral nucleus)
3) Intermediolateral nucleus 7th lamina
197
What is the lamina of the intermediate zone of the spinal cord?
Lamina 7
198
The cell bodies that are relayed stations for the subcortical tracts (rubrospinal,vestibulospinal,reticulospinal,tectospinal) originate from which lamina in the spinal cord?
From the 8th lamina in the anterior horn of the sc
199
Which group from the cell groups of the anterior horn of spinal cord innervate the muscles of the neck and trunk?
Medial group
200
The vestibulospinal (extensor) and rubrospinal (flexor) tracts belong to the …………. group of sc?
Anterior group 8th lamina
201
Midbrain or mesencephalon gives rise to which CN?
Trochlear 4th CN
202
The superior and inferior colliculus belong to which structure on the brain stem?
Midbrain special the tectum
203
What is the ventricular system of the midbrain?
Cerebral aqueduct
204
What are the nuclei of occulomotor nerve?
Parasympathetic: visceral nuclei=Accessory occulomotor (Edinger-Westphal)
Sympathetic: nucleus of occulomotor nerve
205
What is the nucleus located in the midbrain that is responsible for sleep and awareness?
Locus coeruleus nuclei
206
The afferent pathway for light reflexes ends in the ………….?
Pretectal nucleus
207
What is the parasympathetic nucleus of the occulomotor nerve?
Edinger- Westphal nucleus
208
What is the sympathetic nucleus of the occulomotor nerve called?
Nucleus of occulomotor nerve
209
the posterior commissure in the epithalamus is imp for?
light reflexes
210
as a light is shown into one eye, causes the constriction of the opposite eye even though no light fell on that eye, this is called?
consensual light reflex
211
both pupils constrict in the consensual light reflex because of the ................?
pretectal nucleus
212
the paralysis of eye movement affects the oblique muscle, which is innervated by which nerve?
trochlear nerve
213
what are the decussations present in the midbrain and medulla called?
midbrain: decussation of cerebellar peduncle
medulla: decussation of pyramids
214
the auditory pathway passes from which leminiscus?
lateral leminiscus
215
the anterolateral tracts pass from which leminiscus?
spinal leminiscus
216
the nucleus of occulomotor nerve originate from which fossa?
from interpendicular fossa in midbrain
217
the decussation of fibers originating from superior colliculi (tectospinal and tectobulbar) occurs at?
meynert
218
the decussation of rubrospinal tract fibers creates .....................?
ventral tegmental decussation of FOREL
219
what is the function of each Locus Caeruleus in the pons and midbrain?
the locus caeruleus in pons: physiological reactions due to stress and panic
the locus caeruleus in midbrain: sleep and awareness
220
what connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus and septal area?
fornix (memory pathway)
221
what connects the amygdala to the hypothalamus and septal area?
stria terminalis
222
what tract is present between the hypothalamus and the ventral tegmental area ?
Mamillotegmental tract
223
which peduncle is present between the hypothalamus and the ventral tegmental area ?
mamillary peduncle
224
brodmann 41?
primary auditory area
| receives fibers from medial geniculate body via acoustic radiation
225
brodmann 42?
secondary auditory area
| related to wernicke
226
brodmann 43?
taste area
| receives fibers from ventral posteroMEDIAL
227
brodmann 34?
area of smell
228
brodmann 17?
primary visual area
| receives fibers from lateral geniculate body
229
the ...................... connects broca and wernicke areas?
arcuate fasciculus
230
lesions of premotor area causes?
Apraxis: difficulty in performing a skilled movement
"if an individual wants to point at his nose, he's unable to. but when he wants to scratch his nose because it's itching, then he can"
231
what is the primary visual area and secondary visual area?
primary visual area: brodmann 17
| secondary visual area: brodmann 39 (also for reading)
232
Which artery from the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery forms the circle of Willis
Posterior communicating artery
233
The ………….artery is a part of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery and passes through the optic canal and supplies the eye ball
Ophthalmic artery
234
What are the arteries of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery?
```
Ophthalmic artery (imp)
Posterior communicating artery(forms Willis)
Superior hypophysial(pituitary) artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Anterior choroidal artery
```
235
The …………… artery runs horizontally through the cavernous sinus?
Internal carotid artery
236
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
Facial supply and CNS
237
What does the external carotid artery supply?
Neck and head
238
which senses pass through ventral posteromedial and ventral posterolateral fibers?
VPM: tasting sense
VPL: all senses
239
medial and lateral geniculate bodies are related to which structure?
thalamus
240
what is thalamic pain syndrome?
the patient feels painful sensations from light touch and cold sensations and fails to respond to analgesic drugs
241
what does the metathalamus consist of?
lateral geniculate body
| medial geniculate body
242
the anterior thalamic nuclei is related to what?
lymbic system and hypothalamus
243
the medial part of the thalamus has relations to?
sensory information
244
the ventral part of the thalamus is related to ?
motor functions
245
what are the borders of the thalamus?
anteriorly: intraventricular foramen, caudate nucleus, internal capsule
posteriorly: pulvinar
inferiorly: hypothalamus(anterior), subthalamus(posterior)
246
............ is present b/w thalamus and hypothalamus
hypothalamic sulcus
247
the ............. acts as a connection b/w hypothalamus and hypophysis ?
infundibulum
248
the preoptic area is apart of which structure?
in the hypothalamus
| it extends forward from the optic chiasma to the lamina terminalis and the anterior commissure
249
what is there on the lateral border of the hypothalamus?
optic tract
ant of subthalamus
ant of internal capsule
250
hypothalamus functions in:
```
autonomic nervous system
Water electrolite balance
Urge to eat
Energy balance
Reproduction
Temperature regulation
Hemostasis
Regulation of emotional response by autonomic NS and neuroendocrine system
```
251
what are the nuclei of the hypothalamus present medially?
paraventricular n
ventromedial n
arcuate n
252
what are the hypothalamic nuclei present laterally?
preoptic n
supraoptic n
tuberal region
mammillary region
253
which part of the hypothalamus induces eating?
lateral hypothalmic nucleus
254
what is the lesion of the lateral hypthalmic nucleus?
anorexia and starvation
255
which part of the hypothalamus plays a role in circadian rhythm
lateral preoptic nucleus?
256
the ........... region of the hypothalamus directly synthesizes hormones that go to the hypophysis?
supraoptic region
257
SUPRAOPTIC region(of hypothalamus) :
................: synth Antidiuretic hormone
...............: synth oxytocin
................: plays a role in circadian rythm
...............: plays a role in autonomic NS (parasympathetic NS)
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus
suprachiasmatic nucleus
anterior nucleus
258
TUBERAL region (of hypothalamus):
..................: produces hypothalmic releasing factors
...................: satiety center, inhibits the urge to eat (الشبع)
arcuate (infundibular) nucleus
| ventromedial nucleus
259
what is the lesion that results from ventromedial nucleus (satiation center)?
Bilateral destruction results in hyperphagia, obesity
260
which cranial nerves have parasympathetic fibers?
3 oculomotor
7 facial
9 glossopharyngeal
10 vagus
261
IMP................ extends from the hypothalamus to the caudal medulla (brainstem). Projects to the parasympathetic nuclei of brainstem
DORSAL LONGITUDINAL FASCICULUS
262
how does the Adenohypophysis (
| hypophysis)control endocrine system?
The anterior lobe hormones of Adenohypophysis include GH, prolactin (LTH),ACTH, TSH, LH, and FSH --> secreted then go to blood to endocrine system
263
The hypothalamus is connected to the hypophysis (pituitary gland) by two pathways:
1) Supra-optico-hypophysial tract/Hypo-thalamo-hypophysis tract
2) Hypophyseal portal system/Tuberohypophyseal tract
264
which pathway connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis(pituitary gland) by nerve fibers?
supraopticohypophysial tract or hypothalamohypophysis tract: nerve fibers that travel from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei to the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (=Neurohypophysis)
265
which pathway connects the hypothalamus to the hypophysis(pituitary gland) by blood vessels?
tuberohypophyseal tract or hypophyseal portal system: blood vessels that connect sinusoids in the median eminence and infundibulum(in hypothalamus)with capillary plexuses in the anterior lobe of the hypophysis (=Adenohypophysis)
BASICALLY connects the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis
266
The hormone ................ is produced mainly in the nerve cells of the supraoptic nucleus
Its function is to cause vasoconstriction
It also has an important antidiuretic function
VASOPRESSIN (ADH)
267
................. is produced mainly ln the paraventricular nucleus.
It stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus+ labor contractions
OXYTOCİN
268
................ hypothalamus has an excitatory effect on the parasympathetic nervous system
................. hypoyhalamus has an excitatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system
anterior
| posterior
268
................ hypothalamus has an excitatory effect on the parasympathetic nervous system
................. hypoyhalamus has an excitatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system
anterior
| posterior
269
................ hypothalamus has an excitatory effect on the parasympathetic nervous system;regulate and maintain body temperature.Destruction causes hyperthermia
................. hypoyhalamus has an excitatory effect on the sympathetic nervous system; produce and conseve heat. Destruction causes the inability to thermoregulate
anterior
| posterior
270
What supplies the basal ganglia (lentiform n, caudate n, internal capsule)?
Anterior cerebral artery
271
The lateral and medial geniculate bodies and choroid plexus are supplied by which artery?
Posterior cerebral artery
272
Inferior sagital sinus joins with the ……….. to form the straight sinus
Great cerebral vein
273
Which type of stroke includes thrombosis and which type includes rupture of a vessel?
Ischemic stroke has thrombosis
| Hemorrhagic stroke has a ruptured vessel
274
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is apart of the …………….
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is a part of the ……………
Basilar artery
| Vertebral artery
275
What are the branches of the Basilar artery?
1) pontine a
2) Labyrinth a
3) Anterior inferior cerebellar a
4) superior cerebellar a
5) posterior cerebral a
276
```
the cingulum,
inferior/superior longitudinal fissure,
fronto-occipital fascicule,
external capsule, extreme capsule,
uncinate fasciculus
are apart of which fibers?
```
association fibers
277
the genu of the Corpus callosum forms the ................?
forceps minor
278
the splenium part of the Corpus callosum forms the ................?
forceps major
279
................... tract passes from Genu(forceps minor) of corpus callosum
corticonucleur tract
280
which part of the limbic system consists of both commissure and association fibers?
Fornix
281
the Genu,
posterior limb, anterior limb,
and fornix
are apart of which fibers?
projection fibers
282
the corpus callosum is apart of which fibers?
commissural fibers (includes anterior commissure, posterior commissure, habenular and hippocampal commissure)
283
the retrolentiform part (optic radiation) and sublentiform part (acoustic radiation) are a part of the .....................
posterior limb (of internal capsule)
284
the anterior commissure participates in ........?
limbic system and olfaction
285
lesion in the arcuate fascicule(connects broca to wernicke) creates .................... where someone may find it difficult to repeat heard speech
conduction aphasia
286
on the spinal cord the level of sympathetic NS is ...................?
T1--L2
287
the ANS extends from ...... horn on sc?
intermediate lateral horn
288
the hypothalamus is responsible for which systems?
endocrine and autonomic NS
289
the sympathetic neurons (pre and post ganglion) synapse at ..................?
sympathetic synapse at autonomic ganglion
290
in ANS: postsynaptic axons are ............. while presynaptic axons are .................?
non-myelinated
| myelinated
291
the ........... axons in somatic nervous system are myelinated?
efferent
292
what is the high control known as?
hypothalamus
293
the fibers in ANS pass from ...... ganglia, which forms the sympathetic trunk
paravertebral
294
IMP: preganglions(myelinated) axons --> anterior root --> ................................... --> synapse at paravertebral ganglia of sympathetic trunk -->postganglionic axon --> .................................. --> spinal nerve --> body part
white rami communicant
| gray rami communicant
295
IMP what are the 3 ways that when preganglionic reach sympathetic NS are distributed?
SYMPATHETIC
1) anterior horn--> postganglionic axons-->gray rami communicants--> synapse at THORACIC (same lvl) spinal region
2) anterior horn--> postganglionic axons-->gray rami communicants-->synapse at CERVICAL(higher lvl) spinal region (could be higher or lower lvl)
3) Myelinated fibers WITHOUT SYNAPSING leave the sympathetic trunk as greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves THEN SYNAPSE AT PREVERTEBRAL GANGLION
296
what are the levels of splanchnic nerves on spinal cord?
T5-T9 greater splanchnic nerves
T10-T11 lesser splanchnic nerves
T12 least splanchnic nerves
297
what is it called when 2 chains or paravertebral trunks join together?
Ganglion impar
298
IMP The Stellat ganglion is known as which sympathetic ganglion ?
cervicothoracic sympathetic ganglion C7,8-T1
299
the internal and external carotid nerves come from which ganglion?
superior cervical ganglion
300
what is Ptosis, Anhidrosis, and Miosis? Which syndrome are they categorized into?
```
Horner syndrome:
Ptosis: drooped eyelid
+
Anhidrosis: failure to sweat
+
Miosis: one pupil disproportionality (one is smaller than the other)
```
301
the bladder wall is contracted and sphincters(poop excretion) are opened during sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic NS
302
.....CN ciliary ganglion
.....CN Pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion
.....CN Otic ganglion
.....CN peripheral autonomic ganglion
occulomotor 3
facial 7
glossopharyngeal 9
vagus 10
303
IMP explain the mechanism of pupil contraction and dilation?
Occulomotor nerve--> (presynaptic parasympathetic) ciliary ganglion--> SHORT ciliary nerves--> sphincter muscles of pupil ciliary muscle CONTRACT
Superior cervical ganglion--> (postsynaptic sympathetic)ciliary ganglion-->LONG ciliary nerve--> DILATOR muscle of pupil
304
IMP synaptic fibers pass from pterygopalatine ganglion without synapsing to the ...................?
orbital muscles
305
the Pachymenix and Leptomenix are also known as ?
Pachymenix: dura mater
leptomenix: arachnoid mater and pia mater
306
what is the respiratory center in brainstem?
medulla oblangata
307
Occlusion of which artery affects the dorsolateral part of the lateral medulla and produces the lateral medullary Wallenberg syndrome?
PICA posterior inferior cerebellar artery
308
Which tremor occurs in cerebellar regions and which tremor occurs in basal ganglion lesions?
Kinetic tremor: tremor occurs when fine movements are attempted and occurs in cerebellar lesions
Static tremor: tremor occurs in basal gangion lesions
309
Receptor potential is a …….
Graded potential
310
Trapezoid body, in the pons, is a part of the auditory pathway which passes from which leminiscus?
Lateral leminiscus
311
What are the 3 pons proper (Basilar portion) ?
Pontine nuclei
Transverse pontine fibers
Longitudinal fibers
