Pathology

Question 1

Definition of resolution.

Answer 1

Initiating factor removed, and tissue able to regenerate. Back to the norm.

Question 2

Definition of repair.

Answer 2

Initiating factor present and tissue unable to regenerate. Tissue is ‘patched up’.

Question 3

What is myocardial fibrosis?

Answer 3

Collagen and fibrous tissue is replaced rather than myogenic cells.

Question 4

What cells regenerate?

Answer 4

Hepatocytes, all blood cells, gut and skin epithelium, pneumocytes and osteocytes.

Question 5

What cells don’t regenerate?

Answer 5

Myocardial cells and neurones.

Question 6

Characteristic of cirrhosis.

Answer 6

Regenerative nodules that form fibrous nodes.

Question 7

Characteristic of lobar pneumonia.

Answer 7

Single lobe.

Question 8

Two types of healing of skin wounds.

Answer 8

Healing by 1st and 2nd intention.

Question 9

What is the norm blood flow?

Answer 9

Laminar flow.

Question 10

Definition of thrombosis.

Answer 10

Solid mass of blood constituents formed within intact vascular system during life.

Question 11

Definition of embolus.

Answer 11

Mass of material in the vascular system able to become lodged within vessel and block it.

Question 12

Definition of ischaemia,

Answer 12

Reduction in blood flow.

Question 13

Definition of infarction.

Answer 13

Reduction in blood flow with subsequent death of cells.

Question 14

Characteristic of acute inflammation.

Answer 14

Initial response of tissue to injury. Early onset and short duration.

Question 15

Cells involved in acute inflammation.

Answer 15

Neutrophils and monocytes.

Question 16

Causes of acute inflammation.

Answer 16

Microbial infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical agents, chemicals, bacterial toxins and tissue necrosis.

Question 17

Appearance of acute inflammation.

Answer 17

Rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumour (swelling), dolor (pain) and loss of function.

Question 18

Outcomes of acute inflammation,

Answer 18

Resolution, suppuration, organisation and progression.

Question 19

Characteristic of chronic inflammation.

Answer 19

Subsequent and prolonged response.

Question 20

Cells involved in chronic inflammation.

Answer 20

Lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells.

Question 21

Cause of chronic inflammation.

Answer 21

Necrotic tissue (endogenous material), autoimmune conditions and primary granulomatous diseases (Crohns).

Question 22

Appearance of chronic inflammation.

Answer 22

Granulomatous inflammation.

Question 23

Virchow’s Triad.

Answer 23

Reduced blood flow, blood vessel injury and increased coagulability.

Question 24

Definition of apoptosis.

Answer 24

Programmed cell death regulated by P53.

Question 25

Definition of necrosis.

Answer 25

Traumatic cell death which indicates inflammation and repair.

Question 26

Definition of acute inflammation.

Answer 26

The initial and often transient series of tissue reactions to injury.

Question 27

Definition of chronic inflammation.

Answer 27

The subsequent and often prolonged tissue reactions following the initial response.

Question 28

3 Clinical presentations of Spina Bifida.

Answer 28

Spina bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele.

Question 29

3 types of disorder of development.

Answer 29

Congenital, inherited and acquired.

Question 30

Define acromegaly.

Answer 30

Growth of extremities.

Question 31

Definition of hypertrophy.

Answer 31

Increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in number of the constituent cells.

Question 32

Definition of hyperplasia.

Answer 32

Increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in number of the constituent cells.

Question 33

Definition of atrophy.

Answer 33

Decrease in size of a tissue caused by a decrease in number of the constituent cells or a decrease in their size.

Question 34

Definition of dysplasia.

Answer 34

Imprecise term for the morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer.

Question 35

Definition of metaplasia.

Answer 35

Change in differentiation of a cell from one fully-differentiated type to a different fully-differentiated type.

Question 36

What is a controlling factor of cell division.

Answer 36

Telomeres and are paternally inherited.

Question 37

Characteristic of Basal Cell Carcinoma.

Answer 37

- Only invades the skin - Unable to spread to other parts of the body. - Complete local excision is the cure,

Question 38

Definition of leukaemia.

Answer 38

Broad term for cancers of the blood.

Question 39

Definition of lymphatic.

Answer 39

Bone marrow.

Question 40

Definition of myelogenous.,

Answer 40

Marrow.

Question 41

What is Adjuvant Therapy?

Answer 41

Extra treatment given after surgical excision.

Question 42

Definition of carcinogenesis.

Answer 42

The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations.

Question 43

Different classes of carcinogens.

Answer 43

Chemical, viral, ionising and non-ionising radiation and biological agents (hormones, mycotoxins and parasites).

Question 44

Definition of neoplasm.

Answer 44

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed.

Question 45

Definition of oncogenesis.

Answer 45

Benign and malignant tumours.

Question 46

What makes up the structure of neoplasm?

Answer 46

Neoplastic cells (parenchyma) and stroma.

Question 47

What are the three categories in behavioural classification of neoplasm?

Answer 47

Benign, borderline and malignant.

Question 48

Nomenclature of epithelial benign neoplasm.

Answer 48

Papilloma (non-glandular) and adenoma (glandular).

Question 49

Nomenclature of epithelial malignant neoplasm.

Answer 49

Carcinoma.

Question 50

Nomenclature of connective tissue benign neoplasm.

Answer 50

'-Oma' etc. lipoma.

Question 51

Nomenclature of connective tissue malignant neoplasm.

Answer 51

'Sarcoma' etc. liposarcoma.

Question 52

What is involved in the invasion of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix.

Answer 52

Proteases (matrix metalloproteinases) and cell motility.

Question 53

What is involved in the intravasation and extravasation.

Answer 53

Collagenases and cell motility.

Question 54

What is involved in the evasion host immune defence.

Answer 54

Aggregation with platelets, shedding of surface antigens and adhesion to other tumour cells.

Question 55

Angiogenesis promoters.

Answer 55

Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor.

Question 56

Angiogenesis inhibitors.

Answer 56

Angiostatin, endostatin and vasculostatin.

Question 57

What are the two types of chemotherapy?

Answer 57

Conventional and targeted.