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Phase 2a > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of resolution.

A

Initiating factor removed, and tissue able to regenerate. Back to the norm.

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2
Q

Definition of repair.

A

Initiating factor present and tissue unable to regenerate. Tissue is ‘patched up’.

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3
Q

What is myocardial fibrosis?

A

Collagen and fibrous tissue is replaced rather than myogenic cells.

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4
Q

What cells regenerate?

A

Hepatocytes, all blood cells, gut and skin epithelium, pneumocytes and osteocytes.

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5
Q

What cells don’t regenerate?

A

Myocardial cells and neurones.

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6
Q

Characteristic of cirrhosis.

A

Regenerative nodules that form fibrous nodes.

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7
Q

Characteristic of lobar pneumonia.

A

Single lobe.

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8
Q

Two types of healing of skin wounds.

A

Healing by 1st and 2nd intention.

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9
Q

What is the norm blood flow?

A

Laminar flow.

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10
Q

Definition of thrombosis.

A

Solid mass of blood constituents formed within intact vascular system during life.

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11
Q

Definition of embolus.

A

Mass of material in the vascular system able to become lodged within vessel and block it.

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12
Q

Definition of ischaemia,

A

Reduction in blood flow.

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13
Q

Definition of infarction.

A

Reduction in blood flow with subsequent death of cells.

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14
Q

Characteristic of acute inflammation.

A

Initial response of tissue to injury. Early onset and short duration.

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15
Q

Cells involved in acute inflammation.

A

Neutrophils and monocytes.

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16
Q

Causes of acute inflammation.

A

Microbial infections, hypersensitivity reactions, physical agents, chemicals, bacterial toxins and tissue necrosis.

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17
Q

Appearance of acute inflammation.

A

Rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumour (swelling), dolor (pain) and loss of function.

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18
Q

Outcomes of acute inflammation,

A

Resolution, suppuration, organisation and progression.

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19
Q

Characteristic of chronic inflammation.

A

Subsequent and prolonged response.

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20
Q

Cells involved in chronic inflammation.

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells.

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21
Q

Cause of chronic inflammation.

A

Necrotic tissue (endogenous material), autoimmune conditions and primary granulomatous diseases (Crohns).

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22
Q

Appearance of chronic inflammation.

A

Granulomatous inflammation.

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23
Q

Virchow’s Triad.

A

Reduced blood flow, blood vessel injury and increased coagulability.

24
Q

Definition of apoptosis.

A

Programmed cell death regulated by P53.

25
Q

Definition of necrosis.

A

Traumatic cell death which indicates inflammation and repair.

26
Q

Definition of acute inflammation.

A

The initial and often transient series of tissue reactions to injury.

27
Q

Definition of chronic inflammation.

A

The subsequent and often prolonged tissue reactions following the initial response.

28
Q

3 Clinical presentations of Spina Bifida.

A

Spina bifida occulta, meningocele and myelomeningocele.

29
Q

3 types of disorder of development.

A

Congenital, inherited and acquired.

30
Q

Define acromegaly.

A

Growth of extremities.

31
Q

Definition of hypertrophy.

A

Increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in number of the constituent cells.

32
Q

Definition of hyperplasia.

A

Increase in size of a tissue caused by an increase in number of the constituent cells.

33
Q

Definition of atrophy.

A

Decrease in size of a tissue caused by a decrease in number of the constituent cells or a decrease in their size.

34
Q

Definition of dysplasia.

A

Imprecise term for the morphological changes seen in cells in the progression to becoming cancer.

35
Q

Definition of metaplasia.

A

Change in differentiation of a cell from one fully-differentiated type to a different fully-differentiated type.

36
Q

What is a controlling factor of cell division.

A

Telomeres and are paternally inherited.

37
Q

Characteristic of Basal Cell Carcinoma.

A
  • Only invades the skin
  • Unable to spread to other parts of the body.
  • Complete local excision is the cure,
38
Q

Definition of leukaemia.

A

Broad term for cancers of the blood.

39
Q

Definition of lymphatic.

A

Bone marrow.

40
Q

Definition of myelogenous.,

A

Marrow.

41
Q

What is Adjuvant Therapy?

A

Extra treatment given after surgical excision.

42
Q

Definition of carcinogenesis.

A

The transformation of normal cells to neoplastic cells through permanent genetic alterations or mutations.

43
Q

Different classes of carcinogens.

A

Chemical, viral, ionising and non-ionising radiation and biological agents (hormones, mycotoxins and parasites).

44
Q

Definition of neoplasm.

A

A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed.

45
Q

Definition of oncogenesis.

A

Benign and malignant tumours.

46
Q

What makes up the structure of neoplasm?

A

Neoplastic cells (parenchyma) and stroma.

47
Q

What are the three categories in behavioural classification of neoplasm?

A

Benign, borderline and malignant.

48
Q

Nomenclature of epithelial benign neoplasm.

A

Papilloma (non-glandular) and adenoma (glandular).

49
Q

Nomenclature of epithelial malignant neoplasm.

A

Carcinoma.

50
Q

Nomenclature of connective tissue benign neoplasm.

A

‘-Oma’ etc. lipoma.

51
Q

Nomenclature of connective tissue malignant neoplasm.

A

‘Sarcoma’ etc. liposarcoma.

52
Q

What is involved in the invasion of the basement membrane and extracellular matrix.

A

Proteases (matrix metalloproteinases) and cell motility.

53
Q

What is involved in the intravasation and extravasation.

A

Collagenases and cell motility.

54
Q

What is involved in the evasion host immune defence.

A

Aggregation with platelets, shedding of surface antigens and adhesion to other tumour cells.

55
Q

Angiogenesis promoters.

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor.

56
Q

Angiogenesis inhibitors.

A

Angiostatin, endostatin and vasculostatin.

57
Q

What are the two types of chemotherapy?

A

Conventional and targeted.

Phase 2a (6 decks)

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