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Phase 2a > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the immune system?

A

Bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and tonsils.

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2
Q

What are the two types of immunities?

A

Innate and adaptive.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the innate immune system?

A

Instinctive, non-specific, does not depend on lymphocytes and present from birth.

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

Specific learned immunity, requires lymphocytes and antibodies are formed.

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5
Q

What are examples of monocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.

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6
Q

What are the role of CD4+?

A

Help B cells makes antibodies.

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7
Q

What is the role of CD8+?

A

Kill virus-infected cells.

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8
Q

Definition of complement.

A

Group of 20 serum proteins secreted by the liver that need to be activated to be functional.

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9
Q

What are the three activation pathways of a complement?

A

Direct lysis, attract more leukocytes to site of function and coat invading organisms.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of immunoglobulins?

A

Soluble, secreted and bound to B cells as part of B-cell antigen receptor.

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11
Q

What are the five distinct classes of glycoproteins?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE.

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12
Q

What is the most predominant Ig in humans?

A

IgG.

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13
Q

What Ig is associated with hypersensitivity allergic response?

A

IgE.

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14
Q

Definition of cytokines.

A

Proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells.

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15
Q

Definition of interferons.

A

Induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells and limit the spread of viral infection.

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16
Q

Definition of interleukins.

A

Over 30 types. Can cause cells to divide, differentiate and to secrete factors.

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17
Q

Definition of colony stimulating factors?

A

Involved in directing the division and differentiation on bone marrow stem cells - precursors of leukocytes.

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18
Q

Definition of tumour necrosis factors?

A

Mediates inflammation and cytotoxic reactions.

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19
Q

Definition of chemokines.

A

Group of 40 proteins that direct movement of leukocytes from the bloodstream into the tissues or lymph organs by binding to specific receptors on cells.

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20
Q

Composition of the innate defence mechanism.

A

Blood proteins, phagocytic cells, physical and chemical barriers.

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21
Q

Definition of acute inflammation.

A

Complete elimination of a pathogen follow by resolution of damage, disappearance of leukocytes and full regeneration of tissue.

22
Q

Definition of chronic inflammation.

A

Persistent, resolved inflammation.

23
Q

What are the sensing microbes in blood?

A

Monocytes and neutrophils

24
Q

What are the sensing microbes in tissues?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells.

25
Q

What does PRR stand for? And where are they located?

A

Pattern Recognition Receptors and located on cells.

26
Q

What does PAMP stand for? And where are they located?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns and located on microbes.

27
Q

What are the functions of a complement?

A
  1. Lyse microbes directly.
  2. Chemotaxs.
  3. Opsonisation.
28
Q

Composition of adaptive immunity.

A 
Cell Mediated (T cells) - intracellular microbes.
Humoral (B cells) - extracellular microbes.
29
Q

What is T cell selection?

A

T cells that recognise self are killed in the foetal thymus as they mature.

30
Q

What is the role of T cell receptor and Major Histocompatilibility Complex?

A

Recognises foreign antigens.

31
Q

What is the function of T CD8 cells?

A

Kills infected cell with intracellular pathogen.

32
Q

What is the function of T CD4 cells?

A

Help B cells make antibodies to extracellular pathogen and can help directly kill.

33
Q

What activates CD4 T cells?

A

High levels of IL-12.

34
Q

Define Fab in reference to antibodies.

A

Variable in sequence and binds to different antigens specifically - antigen recognition.

35
Q

Define Fc region in reference to antibodies.

A

Constant in sequence and binds to complement, Fc receptors on phagocytes and NK cells - antigen elimination.

36
Q

What is the role of IgM?

A

Important in primary responses.

37
Q

What is the role of IgA?

A

Present in serum and secretions and protects mucosal surfaces.

38
Q

What is the role of T helper cells? Give an example of a cell.

A

CD4+ and helps B cells make antibodies, helps development of cytotoxic T cells and activate macrophages and natural killer cells.

39
Q

What is the role of T cytotoxic cells? Give an example of a cell.

A

CD8+ and recognise and kill infested host cells.

40
Q

What is the role of T regulatory cells? Give an example of a cell.

A

CD4+ and suppress immune responses.

41
Q

What are HLA molecules?

A

Human leukocyte antigen encoded by the MH gene complex on chromosome 6.

42
Q

Describe MHC I cells.

A

Expressed by all nucleated cells and display antigen to CD8+ T cells.

43
Q

Describe MHC II cells.

A

Expressed by macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells and display antigen to CD4+ T cells.

44
Q

What is the role of TH1 cells?

A

Produce IL1, y-interferon and TNFB.

Activate macrophages and promote production of cytotoxic T cells.

45
Q

What is the role of TH2 cells?

A

Produce IL4/5/6/10/13 and activate eosinophils and mast cells.

46
Q

What are the 5 groups of secreted and circulating PRRs?

A

Antimicrobial peptides, defensins, lectins and collectins, mannose binding lectin and pentraxins.

47
Q

What are cell-associated PRRs?

A

Receptors that are present on the cell membrane/cytosol of the cells and recognise a broad range of molecular patterns.

48
Q

What are NLRs(NODs)?

A

22 human proteins that detect intracellular microbial pathogens.

49
Q

What are RLRs?

A

Detect intracellular double stranded viral RNA and DNA?

50
Q

Give examples of extracellular damage molecules.

A

Fibrinogen, hyaluronic acid and tenascin C.

51
Q

Gives examples of intracellular damage molecules.

A

HMGB1, mRNA and heat shock proteins.

52
Q

What happens if you enhance or inhibit TLR signialling?

A 
Enhance = improve immunity.
Inhibit = sepsis syndromes, arthritis and inflammation

Phase 2a (6 decks)

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