Pathologies Related to the Immune System: Test 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 broad groups of cells
innate
adaptive
macrophages
describe innate cells. Examples?
non specifics from birth
i.e. monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, natural killer cells
describe adaptive cells
acquired following exposure
remember foreign invaders
i.e. B and T cells or lymphocytes
how MOST vaccines work
describe macrophages and dendritic cells
innate AND adaptive
where do stem cells occur? What do they do?
in bone marrow and blood
they generate immune cells
what are neutrophils
predominately leukocyte or white blood cells
1st cells to arrive
take part in phagocytosis
describe the process of phagocytosis
ingest and kill pathogens and debris
short lived; when they die it forms pus along with the bacteria
a decrease in phagocytosis is the principal cause of susceptibility to infection
describe monocytes and macrophages
long lived cells
monocytes mature into macrophages
filter the pus/bacteria from neutrophils and kill larger pathogens
what are eosinophils
next cells to participate after neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages
handle even larger invading pathogens
release histamines (vasodilator; cause of Redening); basophils and mast cells also release histamines
describe lymphocytes
B lymphocytes- produce antibodies in reaction to antigens or foreign substances
T lymphocytes- stimulate B lymphocytes that directly kill infected host cells
describe natural killer cells
large lymphocytes (distinct from B and T cells)
function is to directly kill cells infected with pathogens (avoiding any prior steps)
NK cells can also activate macrophages
describe the key components of the first line of defense in terms of innate cells (x5)
natural and preventative
they are capable of resolving most threats
have pattern recognition of some pathogens
limited specificity so they may not remember all future invaders
both external and internal defenses
describe the external defenses of innate cells
physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers that limit host penetration- non specific
i.e. skin, mucus, peristalsis, coughing, sneezing, stomach acid, ear wax, tears, saliva
describe internal defenses of innate cells
soluble factors- modify cell behavior and enhance inflammatory response
innate cells and components from birth mentioned earlier
what is the second line of defense
the inflammatory response
describe the vascular response of the second line of defense or “inflammatory response”
activated at time of injury or exposure
series of vascular and cellular activities
possibly start a fever
natural killer cells are released
describe the plasma protein systems of the second line of defense or “inflammatory phase”
clotting to control bleeding
kinin that:
-produces bradykinin for vasodilation and vascular permeability
-activates fibrinolytic system, producing plasmin to lyse clots
-makes debris/pathogen vulnerable to phagocytosis
what is the third line of defense
specific immune system
adaptive immunity
describe the adaptive immunity of the specific immune system
acquired and relative (memory of immune system)
characterized by specificity and memory of a pathogen, B and T cells
days to weeks for a full response
develops throughout the life
responds more efficiently on subsequent exposure (reps/recognition)
describe active immunity
concept of mist vaccinations using a harmless virus to produce a secondary immune response with antibodies and memory cells
describe passive immunity
passing of antibodies through birth/breast feeding but is only temporary due to lack of memory cells
describe cell mediated immunity
not involving antibodies but instead cells like WBCs, B, and T cells that can kill antigens
what are the phases of the immune response
1- recognition phase: pathogen marking
2- amplification phase: producing of army of cells
3- effector phase: antigen removal
4- termination phase: “pull troops” as pathogen is cleared; important to avoid excessive/prolonged immune response
5- memory: generation of long lived B and T lymphocytes that involve both innate and adaptive immune responses
what factors affect immunity
aging
hormonal imbalance
environmental pollution
trauma/illness
inadequate sleep
lack of exercise
stress (excess cortisol)
diet
describe key characteristics that make gut health important for the immune system
all categories of immune cells in the gut (70-80% of all immune cells)
good bacteria/immune response is diminished by SAD, medications (analgesics, antihistamines, and antibiotics), and infections
leaky and porous gut from these factors contributes to many physical/mental conditions (i.e. good things leak out and bad things leak in)
describe how exercise affects age immune system
immune system = enhanced/supressed by ex. depending on intensity
moderate = beneficial
overtraining without adequate recovery can impair immunity (proper diet and sleep are other conclusive factors)
describe what happens with immunodeficiency diseases
absent/depressed immune response due to primary or secondary immunodeficiency
primary = genetic DEFECT involving T cells, B cells or lymphatic tissue
secondary = results from underlying disease or factor that depresses or blocks the immune response (MOST COMMON)
what is AIDS
secondary immunodeficiency
“acquired immunodeficiency syndrome”
massive destruction of the immune system by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
incidence/prevalence of AIDS
nearly 40 million worldwide with HIV/AIDS
greatest impact in US with male to male sex and IV drug use
pathogenesis of aids
HIV depletes T lymphocytes along with other immunity cells
HIV has a very high mutation rate
clinical manifestations of AIDS
constitutional S&S
NeuroMSK conditions
-distal peripheral neuropathy
-balance and gain deficits
-myalgia and arthralgia
-bone degradation
-weakness
integumentary breakdown
cardiopulmonary conditions
lipodystrophic syndrome (central fat accumulation in neck and trunk but decrease in extremities)
PT implications for AIDS
exercise unrestricted with usual benefits for initial asymptomatic HIV
more limited with symptomatic and advanced HIV and less beneficial
