Pathologies related to the head and neck: Test 2 Flashcards
what is multiple sclerosis
chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder
incidence of MS
greatest in white females between 20 and 50
etiology/risk factors for MS
thought to be triggered by a virus leading to an autoimmune response from the presence of another auto immune condition
genetic link
risk increases with low vitamin D, smoking, and obesity
pathogenesis of MS
demyelination
sclerotic plaques that block neural transmission
S&S and clinical manifestations of MS
varies day to day
fatigue = most common and disabling
optic neuritis = first manifestation (unilateral, painful, visual disturbance/vertigo)
common neuralgia associated with MS
trigenminal neuralgia
one of most widely distributed nerves in face
sudden/transient shock like pain
typically unilateral
how might weakness present with MS
abnormal speech/swallowing
balance/ataxia/weak muscle tone = fall risk
bowel/bladder dysfunction
sexual dysfunction
cognitive/mental symptoms of MS
cognitive dysfunction in > 50%
depression due to emotional/pathogenic changes
notable scan findings with MS (neuro and resisted)
multiple joint weakness with resisted test
cranial nn signs, particularly optic, vestibular, and trigeminal
UMN findings
special tests for MS
balance
central vertigo
Lhermitte’s sign = neck flexion or cough can produce spine and/or LE shock like pain
overview of CVA
2nd leading cause of death
leading cause of long term disability
etiology of CVA
ischemic or hemorrhagic
ischemic = most common; backed blood flow often due to arthrosclerosis
hemorrhagic = ruptured blood vessel; often due to HTN, anuerysm, and atriovenous malformation
non modifiable risk factors for CVA
genetics
age
african American > European Americans
women (due to longer life span than men)
modifiable risk factors of CVA
Cv disease and HTN
diabetes
lifestyle (SAD, obesity, sedentary, tobacco, cocaine)
pathogenesis of CVA
disrupted blood flow to the brain
