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ClinMed > Pathologies related to oncology > Flashcards

Pathologies related to oncology Flashcards

1
Q

other terms for cancer

A

neoplasm
tumor

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2
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells

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3
Q

what is metaplasia

A

an adult cell changes from one type to another

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4
Q

what is dysplasia

A

a greater presence of abnormal cells

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5
Q

what is differentiation

A

normal cells mature or differentiate into mature types of normal tissue

malignant cells do not differentiate into mature types of cells (undifferentiated)

more undifferentiated = more aggressive

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6
Q

what is anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation

hallmark sign of malignant disease

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7
Q

how can neoplasms be classified

A

cell type
tissue origin
degree of differentiation
anatomic site
benign or malignant

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8
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary tissue origin

A

primary arises from a local tissue
secondary metastasized from distant tissue in another part of the body

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9
Q

what are the different stages of cancer and their markers

A

stage 0 = premalignant/preinvasive
stage 1 = early stage, local cancer
stage 2 = increased risk of spread because of tumor size
stage 3 = local cancer has spread but may not be metastasized to distant regions
stage 4 = cancer has spread and metastasized to distant sites

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10
Q

what cancer contributes to the largest number of deaths

A

lung

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11
Q

what are the top 3 most prevalent cancers in women

A

Breast
lung
colorectal

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12
Q

what are the top 3 most prevalent cancers in men

A

prostate
lung
colorectal

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13
Q

what is a common thread between most of the more prevalent cancers

A

they involve mucous producing glands

thats why adeno carcinomas are most common in adults

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14
Q

describe the incidence of cancer in the past 50 years

A

peaked in 90s and has declined since

better prevention and treatment

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15
Q

what are the most treatable cancers

A

prostate and breast

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16
Q

what cancers are most likely to be brought on by genetic origin

A

prostate
breast
ovarian
colorectal

17
Q

what percent of cancer is caused by environmental factors

A

50% caused by more than 500 different cancer causing agents

18
Q

what are common risk factors for cancer

A

heredity
prior cancer
age over 50 years
lifestyle (i.e. sedentary, drugs, SAD)
some viruses
excessive/abnormal amounts of hormones
insulin/testosterone
geographic location
gender
race/ethnicity (greater in minorities)
low socioeconomic = poverty/less insurance
inflammatory diseases
precancerous lesions
stress/depression

19
Q

stress and depression can cause

A

immune suppression
increased inflammation
interferes with DNA repair and regulation of cell growth for health

20
Q

what are the current thoughts on pathogenesis of cancer

A

chromosomal changes as one of the basic mechanisms of tumor cell proliferation is the foundation of modern cancer cytogenetics

cytogenetics = study of chromosomes in cancer

21
Q

chromosomal changes can include what

A

the addition or deletion of entire chromosomes by risk factors-epigenetocs

22
Q

when does metastasis generally occur

A

3-5 years after initial diagnosis

23
Q

5 most common sites of metastasis

A

Lung = most common site
liver
bone
brain
lymph nodes

24
Q

describe the incidence of metastasis

A

30% of clients with newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detectable metastases

at least 30-40% of remaining clients who are clinically free of metastases harbor occult (hidden) metastases

25
Q

the ability of a tumor to metastasize depends on what

A

access to blood supply (tumors secrete enzymes that dissolve into basement membrane, go to lymph, and get transferred into blood stream)

possibly dependent on hormone concentration

26
Q

how does exercise affect cancer

A

important role in prevention and dampening side effects of treatment as well as promoting improved health of survivors

*fatigue is a big issue so must consider energy conservation

27
Q

childhood cancer prevalence

A

80% of children with cancer will survive 5+ years

cancer = 2nd leading cause of death among children between 1 and 14 y.o.

almost 1/2 of childhood cancers involve blood or blood forming organs

28
Q

most common child cancer

A

leukemias (particularly acute lymphocytic leukemia)

= cancers of T and B or immune cells

29
Q

incidence of childhood leukemia

A

increasing

accounts for almost 1/3 of all pediatric cancers

30
Q

risk factors for childhood cancers

A

prior cancer
down syndrome
more common in white males

31
Q

pathogenesis of childhood leukemia

A

inability to develop mature T and B cells and replace bone marrow

32
Q

signs/symptoms of childhood leukemia

A

transient joint pain; large joints, 60% of cases

typical cancer S&S

hepatic S&S- b/c enlargement from trying to remove excess non-selfs

mediastinal mass may create respiratory S&S

easy bruising due to spleen enlargement

33
Q

what are soft tissue carcinomas? most common type?

A

cancer than begins in soft tissue

rhabdomyosarcoma = most common (in skeletal muscle)

34
Q

incidence/risk factors of soft tissue carcinomas

A

peak incidence = 2 and 5 years of age

2nd peak = 15 and 19 years of age

more common in white males

35
Q

signs and symptoms of soft tissue sarcomas

A

site dependent

often painless mass in muscle

typical cancer S&S

36
Q

what does the term late effects refer to

A

damaging effects of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy on nonmalignant tissues as well as to the social, emotional, and economical consequences of survival

identified in almost every organ system

37
Q

late effects examples

A

surgery/radiation involving MSK system have been associated with defects such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and spinal shortening

child who receives radiation/chemo has a 10x greater chance of developing cancer than a child who has never had cancer

ClinMed (10 decks)

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