Pathologies related to oncology Flashcards
other terms for cancer
neoplasm
tumor
what is hyperplasia
increased number of cells
what is metaplasia
an adult cell changes from one type to another
what is dysplasia
a greater presence of abnormal cells
what is differentiation
normal cells mature or differentiate into mature types of normal tissue
malignant cells do not differentiate into mature types of cells (undifferentiated)
more undifferentiated = more aggressive
what is anaplasia
loss of differentiation
hallmark sign of malignant disease
how can neoplasms be classified
cell type
tissue origin
degree of differentiation
anatomic site
benign or malignant
what is the difference between primary and secondary tissue origin
primary arises from a local tissue
secondary metastasized from distant tissue in another part of the body
what are the different stages of cancer and their markers
stage 0 = premalignant/preinvasive
stage 1 = early stage, local cancer
stage 2 = increased risk of spread because of tumor size
stage 3 = local cancer has spread but may not be metastasized to distant regions
stage 4 = cancer has spread and metastasized to distant sites
what cancer contributes to the largest number of deaths
lung
what are the top 3 most prevalent cancers in women
Breast
lung
colorectal
what are the top 3 most prevalent cancers in men
prostate
lung
colorectal
what is a common thread between most of the more prevalent cancers
they involve mucous producing glands
thats why adeno carcinomas are most common in adults
describe the incidence of cancer in the past 50 years
peaked in 90s and has declined since
better prevention and treatment
what are the most treatable cancers
prostate and breast
what cancers are most likely to be brought on by genetic origin
prostate
breast
ovarian
colorectal
what percent of cancer is caused by environmental factors
50% caused by more than 500 different cancer causing agents
what are common risk factors for cancer
heredity
prior cancer
age over 50 years
lifestyle (i.e. sedentary, drugs, SAD)
some viruses
excessive/abnormal amounts of hormones
insulin/testosterone
geographic location
gender
race/ethnicity (greater in minorities)
low socioeconomic = poverty/less insurance
inflammatory diseases
precancerous lesions
stress/depression
stress and depression can cause
immune suppression
increased inflammation
interferes with DNA repair and regulation of cell growth for health
what are the current thoughts on pathogenesis of cancer
chromosomal changes as one of the basic mechanisms of tumor cell proliferation is the foundation of modern cancer cytogenetics
cytogenetics = study of chromosomes in cancer
chromosomal changes can include what
the addition or deletion of entire chromosomes by risk factors-epigenetocs
when does metastasis generally occur
3-5 years after initial diagnosis
5 most common sites of metastasis
Lung = most common site
liver
bone
brain
lymph nodes
describe the incidence of metastasis
30% of clients with newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detectable metastases
at least 30-40% of remaining clients who are clinically free of metastases harbor occult (hidden) metastases
the ability of a tumor to metastasize depends on what
access to blood supply (tumors secrete enzymes that dissolve into basement membrane, go to lymph, and get transferred into blood stream)
possibly dependent on hormone concentration
how does exercise affect cancer
important role in prevention and dampening side effects of treatment as well as promoting improved health of survivors
*fatigue is a big issue so must consider energy conservation
childhood cancer prevalence
80% of children with cancer will survive 5+ years
cancer = 2nd leading cause of death among children between 1 and 14 y.o.
almost 1/2 of childhood cancers involve blood or blood forming organs
most common child cancer
leukemias (particularly acute lymphocytic leukemia)
= cancers of T and B or immune cells
incidence of childhood leukemia
increasing
accounts for almost 1/3 of all pediatric cancers
risk factors for childhood cancers
prior cancer
down syndrome
more common in white males
pathogenesis of childhood leukemia
inability to develop mature T and B cells and replace bone marrow
signs/symptoms of childhood leukemia
transient joint pain; large joints, 60% of cases
typical cancer S&S
hepatic S&S- b/c enlargement from trying to remove excess non-selfs
mediastinal mass may create respiratory S&S
easy bruising due to spleen enlargement
what are soft tissue carcinomas? most common type?
cancer than begins in soft tissue
rhabdomyosarcoma = most common (in skeletal muscle)
incidence/risk factors of soft tissue carcinomas
peak incidence = 2 and 5 years of age
2nd peak = 15 and 19 years of age
more common in white males
signs and symptoms of soft tissue sarcomas
site dependent
often painless mass in muscle
typical cancer S&S
what does the term late effects refer to
damaging effects of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy on nonmalignant tissues as well as to the social, emotional, and economical consequences of survival
identified in almost every organ system
late effects examples
surgery/radiation involving MSK system have been associated with defects such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and spinal shortening
child who receives radiation/chemo has a 10x greater chance of developing cancer than a child who has never had cancer
