Pathologies of Infectious Diseases Flashcards
What are six examples of diseases with Granulomatous inflammation?
TB, leprosy, syphilis, cat-scratch disease, sarcoidosis and Crohn disease
India ink stain
Ink not taken up by capsule. This stain is used in the identification of the fungus Cryptococcus
What are the two major diseases caused by enterotoxins?
Infectious diarrhea and food poisoning
Bacteria present in normal oral flora associated with human bites and clenched-fist injuries
Eikenella corrodens
What bacterial pathogen is responsible for causing Strept throat, Scarlett Fever, and Impetigo?
Strept. Pyogenes
What pathogen is responsible for causing Sialoadenitis (parotiditis), and Sialolithiasis?
Staphylococcus
What pathogen causes Diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
What pathogen causes oral Syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
What pathogen causes oral T.B.?
Mycobacterium tuburculosis
What pathogen causes thrush?
Candida albicans
What viral infection causes Infectious mono and Oral hairy leukoplakia
Ebstein-Barr Virus
What viral invection causes cold sores and glossitis?
Herpes Simplex-1
What viral infection causes Chickenpox and Shingles?
Varicella/Zoster
What enterovirus causes Hand-Foot and Mouth disease
Coxsackievirus
What disease has an associated “chancre” that may be found in the mouth (that may be followed by a secondary “snail-track ulcer”)?
Oral syphilis-caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum
What are six diseases associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?
Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitts Lymphoma, HHV 8, possibly Chronic fatigue Syndrome, Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, and Hairy Leukoplakia in AIDS patients
What infection is diagnosed in the lab using the Tzanck smear (although most diagnoses are made clinically)?
Herpes Zoster Infection (Shingles)
What disease presents with characteristic Koplick’s spots?
Measles-Koplick’s spots are bright red lesions with a white central dot that are located on the buccal mucosa. They are virtually diagnostic.
What group is the fastest-growing segment of the oral cancer population?
HPV group
What causes Kaposi’s sarcoma?
HHV 8
What are the four intestinal protozoa that cause diarrhea?
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli
What trophozoites invade colonic epithelium and secrete enzymes causing localized necrosis and typical “flask-shaped” ulcers as the lesion reaches the muscularis mucosae layer?
Entamoeba histolytica
What is a pear-shaped pathogen with a central nucleus and four anterior flagella (existing only as a trophozoite with no cyst form)?
Sexually transmitted protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis
What pathogen causes Malaria?
the intracellular protozoan parasite Plasmodium (vivax, malariae, ovale and falciparum)
What is the worst species of pathogen that causes malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum
What pathogen is responsible for causing Pinworms?
Enterobius vermicularis, a Nematode whose lifecycle is confined to humans.
What is the most common helminth disease in the U.S?
Pinworms caused by Enterobius vermicularis (a Nematode)
What are six diseases associated with Rickettsia?
Rocky mountain spotted fever, Rickettsialpox, Epidemic Typhus, Endemic Typhus, Brill-Zinsser Disease and Q-Fever
What pathogen is responsible for causing Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Rickettsia rickettsii (wood tick, dog ticks are vectors)
What pathogen is responsible for causing Rickettsialpox?
Rickettsia akari (transmitted by mites that live on house mice)
What pathogen is responsible for causing Epidemic Typhus?
Rickettsia prowazekii (transmitted by lice to humans)
What pathogen is responsible for causing Endemic Typhus?
Rickettsia typhi (a flea-borne typus not as severe as Epidemic Typhus), rodents serve as the primary reservoir
What pathogen is responsible for causing Brill-Zinsser Disease?
Rickettsia prowazekii (patients who recover from epidemic louse-borne Typhus without antibiotic therapy may still retain the pathogen in a latent state). Symptoms are milder than the original infection.
What pathogen is responsible for causing Q-Fever?
Coxiella burnetti (grows in ticks and cattle)-this is unique because it has an endospore form which unlike the other Rickettsia, has an association with bacteria
What are the three genera of spirochetes that cause human infection?
Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira
Which spirochete is responsible for causing syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
What are the characteristic lesions associated with the varying states of primary syphilis?
Chancre, maculopapular rash, condyloma lata
What are the typical findings associated with secondary syphilis?
Organ involvement resulting in meningitis, nephritis, or hepatitis (along with lymphadenopathy (especially inguinal) arthritis and fever)
What is the characteristic finding of tertiary Syphilis?
aorta involvement (80-85%) with aneurysm formation or aortic regurgitation. It can also involve the CNS (5-10%) resulting in Neurosyphilis from a chronic meningitis to Tabes Dorsalis
What is the name of the tertiary syphilis lesion that is gray-white and rubbery that heal by scarring and may be found in skin, bones and liver?
Gummas
What is the triad of findings associated with congenital syphilis?
Interstitial keratitis, Hutchinson’s teeth and 8th nerve deafness (additional findings include saddle-nose deformities and saber shin)
What disease is diagnosed based on identifying spirochetes in early lesions by Darkfield examination?
Syphilis
What is the Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction?
Over 1/2 of patients being treated for 2nd syphilis with PCN experience chills, fever, myalgias a few hours after receiving antibiotic treatment (due to the lysis of the treponemes and the release of a toxin). It may last for up to 24 hours and can be relieved by aspirin.
What disease is caused by loosely coiled spirochete visualized by darkfield microscopy or silver stains and trasnmitted by a deer tick bite.
Lyme disease-Borrelia burgdorferi
What is the most common vector-borne disease in the U.S.?
Lyme disease-Borrelia burgdorferi
What disease is caused by Borrelia recurrentis (a spirochete)?
Relapsing fever (transmitted to humans via the body louse)
What disease is associated with a Ghon complex?
Tuberculosis (caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
What is the name of the miliary form of Tuberculosis that causes vertebral osteoarthritis?
Potts Disease (another miliary form is Tuberculosis Meningitis)
What is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the U.S.?
Herpes encephalitis from Herpes Simplex Type I
What is the most common cause of congenital anamolies in the U.S.?
Cytomegalovirus
What is the most common viral cause of mental retardation?
Congenital cytomegalovirus-characterized by multinucleated giant cells with prominent basophilic intranuclear inclusions
What is the largest virus?
Poxvirus
Which DNA non-enveloped virus infects squmous epithelial cells and produces cytoplasmic vaculoles within cells called Koilocytes (which are the hallmark of infection)?
Papillomavirus
What non-enveloped DNA virus is responsible for causing Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth’s Disease) or “Slapped Cheek Syndrome”?
Parvovirus B19
What is the most important cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, sometimes responsible for death?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Neurons infected with which virus contain an eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion called a Negri Body, which is important in the diagnosis?
Rabies virus (one of the Rhabdoviruses)
Which virus (specifically of the picornavirus group) is the cause of the common cold?
Rhinovirus
