Pathologies

Question 1

Unilateral Anopsia

Answer 1

Blindness of affected eye, with full field vision of contralateral eye

Question 2

Heteronymous Hemianopsia

Answer 2

Loss of peripheral visual fields bilaterally

Question 3

Homonymous Hemianopsia

Answer 3

Blindness to the contralateral half of the visual field of the affected side

Question 4

Superior Quadrantanopsia

Answer 4

Blindess to the Upper contralateral quarter of the visual field

Question 5

Inferior Quadrantanopsia

Answer 5

Blindness to the Lower contralateral quarter of the visual field

Question 6

Retinal Blindness

Answer 6

Blindness without preservation of brainstem reflexes

Question 7

Cortical Blindness

Answer 7

Blindness with preservation of brainstem reflexes and “blindsight” responses

Question 8

Optic Ataxia

Answer 8

Inability to coordinate movements toward objects in visual field, improves with eyes closed

Question 9

Optic Agnosia

Answer 9

Inability to recognize the visual environment: objects, boundaries, etc.

Question 10

Prosopagnosia

Answer 10

Inability to recognize faces of familiar people

Question 11

Unilateral Neglect

Answer 11

Inability to pay attention to the contralateral environment despite intact visual fields bilaterally

Question 12

Loss of Pupillary Light Reflex

Answer 12

One or both pupils fail to constrict with introduction of light to one eye

Question 13

CN 3 Palsy

Answer 13

Ipsilateral eye drifts laterally and downward as a result of CN 4 and 6 remaining intact and all others are weakened. Also results in ipsilateral pupil dilation and drooping eyelid.

Question 14

CN 4 Palsy

Answer 14

Ipsilateral eye drifts upward. If the injury is to the cranial nuclei and not the nerve, the contralateral eye will drift upward.

Question 15

CN 6 Palsy

Answer 15

Ipsilateral eye drifts medially.

Question 16

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia

Answer 16

Inability of ipsilateral eye to cross midline medially during lateral smooth pursuit, but can cross midline during near-point testing

Question 17

Posterior Canalithiases (BPPV)

Answer 17

Nystagmus: Fatiguing, Upward Torsional with dix-hallpike position test

Question 18

Horizontal Canalithiasis (BPPV)

Answer 18

Nystagmus: Fatiguing, Horizontal Away from lesioned side with supine roll test

Question 19

Anterior Canalithiasis (BPPV)

Answer 19

Nystagmus: Fatiguing, Downward Torsional with dix-hallpike position test

Question 20

Blunt Trauma to Labyrinth

Answer 20

Hearing loss of changes (alongside vestibular symptoms)

Question 21

Perilymphatic Fistula

Answer 21

Hearing loss of changes (alongside vestibular symptoms)

Question 22

Superior Canal Dehiscence

Answer 22

Hearing loss of changes (alongside vestibular symptoms)

Question 23

Meniere’s Disease

Answer 23

Hearing loss of changes (alongside vestibular symptoms)

Question 24

Unilateral Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction

Answer 24

Lateropulsion toward affected side peripheral nerve (Ipsilesional)

Question 25

Bilateral Peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction

Answer 25

Oscillopsia, Motion Sickness

Question 26

Vestibular Schwannoma

Answer 26

(Follows Unilateral or Bilateral Hypofunction Patterns, depending on whether it affects one or both nerves)

Question 27

Neuropathy

Answer 27

(Follows Unilateral or Bilateral Hypofunction Patterns, depending on whether it affects one or both nerves)

Question 28

Auto-Immune

Answer 28

(Follows Unilateral or Bilateral Hypofunction Patterns, depending on whether it affects one or both nerves)

Question 29

Low BP/ Chronic Hypotension

Answer 29

(Follows Unilateral or Bilateral Hypofunction Patterns, depending on whether it affects one or both nerves)

Question 30

Vestibular Nuclei Damage

Answer 30

Nystagmus: Non-Fatiguing, Vertical, Direction-Changing without head movement

Question 31

Vestibulocerebellar Damage

Answer 31

Nystagmus: Non-Fatiguing, Vertical, Direction-Changing without head movement

Question 32

Unilateral Parieto- Insular Vestibular Cortex Damage

Answer 32

Lateropulsion away from affected side of cortex (Contralesional)

Question 33

Unilateral Posterior Thalamus Damage

Answer 33

Contraversive Pushing away from affected side of Posterior Thalamus (Contralesional)

Question 34

Persistent Postural- Perceptual Dizziness

Answer 34

Dizziness >3 Months WITHOUT positive vestibular findings (Ex: Head Thrust, Nystagmus, etc.)

Question 35

Bilateral Diffuse Damage to Cortex

Answer 35

Oscillopsia, Motion Sickness