Pathologies Flashcards
CIRRHOSIS
The LIVER is SCARRED
• Tremor (
• Hepatic Foeter
• Eye and skin yellow
• Loss of appetite
• increased bilirubin and ammonia
• Varices
• Edema in legs
• Reduced platelets & WBCs
• Itchy skin
• Spider anginomas
• Splenomegaly
• Confused or Coma
• Ascites
• Reddened Palms
• Renal failure
• Enlarged Breast
• Deficient in Vit.A , B 12, C, D E K
ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
“HAD STREP”
• Hypertension
• ASO “antistrepolysin” tiger
• Decreased GFR low urinary output
And increased K+
“ Swelling in face and eyes (mild)
• Tea-colored urine
• Recent Strep infection
• Elevated Bun & creatinine
• Proteinuria
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
“LOW IRON”
• Lethargic
•Overexerted easily…may have SOB
•Weird food graving (Ice., Clay & dirt)
• inflammation of tongue or Increased Hr
• Reduced Hgb levels
•Observe changes in RBC’s
•Nail changes
SEPSIS
Risk Factors
• Suppressed immune system
• Extreme age (infant & elderly)
• People who received transplants
• Surgical procedures
• Indwelling devices
• Sickness (HF, renal failure ,liver failure)
Septic Shock
Msg Interventions
• Start antibiotics
• Enteral nutrition
• Protein activated C
• Titrate vasopressor
• Inotropics
• Crystalloids & Colloids
• S
• Hemodynamics
• Oxygenate
• Culture
• Keep blood glucose below 180mg/dL
TUBERCULOSIS
Risk Factors
TB RISK
• Tight quarters
• Below poverty level
• Refugee
• Immune suppressed
• Substance abuse
• Kids under age 5
CARDIAC OUTPUT
• The amount of blood pumped by the
Heart per minute
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
MOMMA
Risk Factors
• Maternal age ( greater than 35)
• Overweight or Obese
• Macrosomia ( large baby)
• Multiple children
• A history of DX.
7 L’s of Hypokalemia
• Lethargic
• Lethal cardiac changes
• Low shallow respirations
• Loss of urine
• Leg cramps
• Limp muscles
• Low BP & HR
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
• 6 P’s
• Pain
• Pallor
• Paralysis
• Pulselessness
• Parathesia
• Poikilothermia
TUBERCULOSIS II
Signs and symptoms
• coughing that lasts three or more weeks
• coughing up blood
• Fever
• Night sweats
• Fatigue
• unintentional weight loss
• chills
• loss of appetite
• Chest pain or pain w/breathing or coughing
EPIGLOTTITIS
Signs & symptoms
ADD AIR NURSE
• Abnormal position (tripod)
• Dysphasia leads to drooling
• Difficulty speaking
• Apprehension
• Increased temp (high)
• Rapid onset
• Nasal Flaring
• Using accessory muscles
• Retractions ( Chest)
• Stridor
• Enlarged epiglottis
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Signs & Symptoms
• Weakness in neck, face, arms/legs
• Eyelid drooping & ptosis
• Appearance mask-like
• Keep choking, gagging while eating
• No energy
• Extra ocular muscle involvement
• Slurred speech
• Shortness of breath
Celiac Disease
Autoimmune GI disorder where when gluten is ingested it damages villi.
Foods to AVOID w/ Celiac disease
“BROW”
Barley
Rye
Oats
Wheat
Signs and symptoms
Of
Celiac Disease
“ MALNOURISHED “
Mouth sores
Anemia
Lactose intolerance
Nausea/vomiting
Osteo (thinning fx)
Unexplored growth, puberty (kids)
Rashes (dermatitis herpeformitis)
Irregular. Periods or irritable
Stool greasy
Hair loss
Enamel changes
Diarrhea
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
ALKALI
A ldosterone production excessive
- Hyperaldosteronism activates RAAS
L oop diuretics ( Lasix) or thiazides kidneys
waste hydrogen ions (ex. Chloride)- increases bicarb
Kali ingestion (baking soda, antacids, milk)
Anticoagulant ( citrate) used in storage for blood transfusion & during
L oss of fluids “ vomiting & NG suction” rich in hydrogen ions (ex. K) increases bicarb.
Increased sodium bicarb administration
DIVERTICULITIS
Formation of outpouching hollow sacs throughout the intestinal wall,
Signs and symptoms
“POUCH”
Pain (LLQ)
Observed bleeding
Unrelenting cramps
C
High temp
Intracranial pressure
Signs & Symptoms
“ mind crushed”y
• M = mental status change
• I = increased breathing (chrome stokes)
• N =Nerve optic and oculomotor
• D = Decerebrate or decorticate
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
7S’s of intervention/education
• S = Sucking pacifier ( to keep baby calm)
• S = Skin to skin ( to keep baby calm)
• S = Swaddle (to keep baby calm)
• S = Stress or
• S = Squat ( relieve cyanotic tet spells)
• S = Small frequent meals (to keep baby calm)
• S = Surgery
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Hypocalcemia
“HATR”
• H = Hypomagnesemia
• A = Autoimmune
• T = Thyroidectomy
• R = Radiation
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Hypercalcemia
“DRT”
• D= Decreased Ca+ absorption
• R= Renal Failure
• T= Tumor ( Adenoma & Malignant)
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
“AEIOU”
A = Acidemia
E = Electrolye imbalances
I = Intoxication
O= Overload of fluids
U= Uremia
CELIAC DISORDER
Signs & Symptoms
“ Malnourished “
M = Mouth ulcers
A = Anemia
L. = Lactose intolerance
N = Nausea/vomiting
O = Osteo changes (thinning, fx)
U = Unexplained slow growth/puberty
R = Rashes ( Dermatitis Herpetiformis)
I = Irregular periods, irritable
S = Stool greasy and odorous
H
E
D = Diarrhea
DISEQUILIBRIUM SYNDROME
Signs & symptoms
• Restlessness
• vomiting
•
NO NO’s for Dialysis
• No BP on arm with fistula
• No restricted clothing or jewelry
• No creams or lotions
• No sleeping on arm
SEIZURES
CAUSES
• Fever
• Etoh w/drawal
• hypoglycemia
• CNS infection ( bacterial meningitis)
•
SEIZURES IRISK FACTORS
“STOP SEIZURES “
• Stress
• Trauma
• Over exerted easily
• Pregnancy and periods
• Sleep loss
• Electrolyte imbalances
• Illness
• visualiZations distrurbances
• Under-medicated
• Recreational drugs
• Etoh (alcohol withdrawals
INTERVENTIONS for ICP
“PRESSURE”
P = position HOB @ 30-35 degrees
• No flexion of Neck & HIP
R = resp.
RISK FACTORS OF
Cholethiasis
6F’s
• Family Hx
• Fair (skin tone)
• Female
• Fertile
• Fat (BMI greater than 30)
• Forty (greater than 40)
APPENDICITIS
• inflammation of the appendix
Signs & Symptoms
• A = abdominal pain
• P = point of McBurneys
• P =
• E = elevated temperature
• N = nausea and vomiting
• D = desire to be in fetal position
• I = Increased WBC’s
• eXperience rebound gas
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
“DEPRESS”
• Drugs ( opioids morphine fentanyl) sedatives. Diseases of the Neuromuscular
System such as Myasthenia Gravis and Guillen Barre’ syndrome.
• Edema fluid in the lungs
• Pneumonia
• Respiratory depression
• Emboli can block pulmonary artery
• Spasm
• S acs elasticity damaged
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
“Tachypnea”
CAUSES:
• Expelling to much CO2.from the lungs
• Temperature increased in the body (fever)
• Aspirin toxicity: Too much aspirin
•cControlled mechanical ventilation
• Hyperventilating
• hYsteria (anxiety) causing hyperventilation
• Nausea & vomiting
•
OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA)
Is a form of arthritis that in which the deterioration of the articular cartilage.
Signs & symptoms
OSTEO
• O= Outgrowths bony
- Herberden & Bausch
• S = Sunrise stiffness less than 30 min.
• T = Tenderness of joint site, bone spurs
• Experience “crepitus” grating
• Only the joint NOT systemic
- No fever & no anemia
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
• is a form of arthritis that is attacking the Synovium
Signs and symptoms
(RA)
7 S’s
• Swelling
• Sunrise stiffness greater than 30 min
• Symmetrical
• Systemic
• soft tender joint
• Stages ( synovitis, paninis, ankylosis
• Synovium inflamed
OSTEOPOROSIS
Disease that thins the bone to the point it can’t withstand normal stress
ALZHEIMER DISORDER
• chronic brain disorder that is a type of Dementia
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
“ACIDOTIC”
• A spirin toxicity
• Carbs not metabolize
• Insufficiency of kidneys
• Diarrhea
• Ostomy care
• Tula care same as ostomy
• I
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
PLACENTA PREVIA
“PREVIA”
P• Painless Bright red bleeding
R• Relaxed soft non tender uterus
E• Episodes of bleeding
V• Visible bleeding
I • Intercourse post bleeding
A• Abnormal fetal position
ABRUPTIO PLACENTA
“DETACHED”
D•Dark red bleeding
E• Extended fundal height
T• Tender uterus
A• Abd. pain & contractions
C• Concealed bleeding
H• Hard abdomen
E• Experience D.I.C
D• Distressed Baby
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
7D’s
• Dry Inside
• Drinking a lot ( increased thirst)
• Desmopressin
• Death by HA (low sodium)
• Dehydrated ( increased BP)
• Drain urine
• Diluted urine (hypernatremia)
PANCREATITIS
“Risk Factors”
GATE
• Gall stones
• Alcohol
• Trauma
• ERCP
