Pathological Fractures (4) Flashcards
What is a pathological fracture?
A bone fracture which occurs without adequate trauma and is caused by a preexisting pathological bone lesion.
What are the causes of pathological fractures?
- Neoplastic:
- Primary (multiple myeloma)
- Metastatic
- Non-neoplastic:
- Osteoporosis
- Osteomyelitis
- Osteomalacia
- Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Paget’s disease
- Bone cyst
- Radiotherapy
What are 5 possible primary sites for metastasis? IMPORTANT
- Breast
- Prostate
- Lung
- Thyroid
- Kidney
How to check malignancy after fixation?
Bone biopsy
What are other sites of ectopic thyroid tissues other than head and neck and thorax?
Ovarian and testicular teratoma
If the pathology report shows a typical bland appearance (follicular cells), what is the probable location of the primary tumor?
Thyroid gland
Why are we unable to differentiate cancer in thyroid FNAC?
Malignancy is determined by capsular and vascular invasion which need histology rather than cytology to confirm.
What investigations are required to confirm thyroid metastasis?
Radioactive iodine scan
Which thyroid cancer will show no response to iodine uptake?
Medullary thyroid cancer as its origin is from parafollicular C cells so it is not of a follicular origin.
Prior to blood transfusion, what test to do if the patient is O +ve?
ABO and RH group cross-matching
If the patient tells you their blood group, do you still need to do cross-matching and why?
Yes, to determine if the recipient has pre-formed antibodies against any antigens on the donor’s cells.
What are the complications of incompatible blood transfusion?
- Acute hemolytic reactions
- Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction
- Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions
- Transfusion-related acute lung injury
What is hemolysis?
Rupture (lysis) of RBCs and release of their contents (cytoplasm) in the surrounding fluid (blood, plasma).
