Gangrene + Mesothelioma (31)

Question 1

What is gangrene?

Answer 1

Gangrene is a type of necrosis caused by a critically insufficient blood supply.

Question 2

What is necrosis?

Answer 2

Necrosis is an accidental and unregulated form of cell death resulting from damage to cell membranes and loss of ion homeostasis.

Question 3

What is the pathogenesis of necrosis?

Answer 3

Severe/prolonged ischemia leads to severe swelling of mitochondria, calcium influx into mitochondria and into the cell with rupture of lysosomes and plasma membrane, resulting in death by necrosis due to the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria.

Question 4

What is the cause of ischemia?

Answer 4

Atherosclerosis.

Question 5

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 5

Atherosclerosis is a pathological process of the vasculature in which an artery wall thickens as a result of accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol.

Question 6

What bedside test should be done if a patient develops cough?

Answer 6

Sputum analysis.

Question 7

What are the risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Answer 7

Smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, family history, and increased LDL.

Question 8

What does pleural plaque in an X-ray indicate?

Answer 8

Pleural plaques, the most common manifestation of asbestos exposure, are well-circumscribed plaques of dense collagen that are often calcified.

Question 9

What is the significance of pleural plaques?

Answer 9

They increase the malignancy risk of mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma.

Question 10

How can you tell the epithelial origin of a poorly differentiated tumor with metastasis?

Answer 10

Immunohistochemistry.

Question 10

What will be the chemotherapeutic agent if the tumor is epidermal growth factor positive?

Answer 10

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (imatinib).

Question 11

What are the types of necrosis?

Answer 11

Coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous.

Question 12

Compare Necrosis & Apoptosis?

Answer 12

Question 13

Classify lung cancer

Answer 13

Non-small cell lung cancer
- Adenocarcinoma (40% cases)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (25% cases)
- Large cell carcinoma (10% cases)

Small cell lung carcinoma
- Comprised of cells with a neuroendocrine differentiation
- Strongly associated with smoking
- Tend to arise in the larger airways
- Disseminate early in the course of the disease
- Usually chemo-sensitive but seldom results in long-lasting remissions

Question 13

Compare dry & wet gangrene.

Answer 13