Malignant Melanoma Metastasis (12) Flashcards
What is the function of inguinal lymph nodes?
They receive lymphatic drainage from the lower extremities and skin of the lower abdomen, genitals, and perineum.
What are some infections associated with inguinal lymph nodes?
Cellulitis of the lower extremities, STI infections such as syphilis, chancroid, herpes simplex virus infection, and lymphogranuloma venereum.
What are the five main types of melanoma?
Lentigo maligna, superficial spreading or flat melanoma, desmoplastic melanoma, acral melanoma, and nodular melanoma.
What is a satellite lesion?
It is a form of local spread of malignant melanoma by contiguity and continuity leading to pigment spreading to the surrounding area. They are found within 2 cm of the primary tumor.
What are some malignancies associated with inguinal lymph nodes?
Lymphomas, metastatic melanomas from lower extremity primary site, and squamous cell carcinomas from genital primary site.
What are epithelioid melanoma cells?
They are large and round with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, prominent vesicular nuclei, and large nucleoli. They most commonly arise in superficial spreading and nodular melanomas.
How can you determine the genotype of the tumor?
What is phenotype of a tumour?
Immunohistochemistry or genetic mutation studies such as BRAF gene or genetic subtypes.
Phenotype (is observable characteristics)
What are some examples of gram-negative diplococci?
Neisseria sp., Moraxella catarrhalis, Acinetobacter, Haemophilus, and Brucella.
What are some examples of gram-positive diplococci?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus.
What is the treatment for malignant melanoma?
Excision of the primary lesion with safety margin plus block inguinal lymph node dissection plus radiotherapy.
What is necrotizing fasciitis?
It is a rapidly spreading infection that causes tissue death.
What is SIRS?
It stands for Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, which is a severe response to an infection or injury.
What happens to the lungs in SIRS?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may occur.
What are the manifestations of SIRS?
Body temperature less than 36 °C (96.8 °F) or greater than 38 °C (100.4 °F), heart rate greater than 90 bpm, tachypnea (high respiratory rate), with greater than 20 breaths per minute, or an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide less than 4.3 kPa (32 mmHg), white blood cell count less than 4000 cells/mm³ (4 x 109 cells/L) or greater than 12,000 cells/mm³ (12 x 109 cells/L), or the presence of greater than 10% immature neutrophils (band forms), hyperglycemia (blood glucose > 6.66 mmol/L i.e. 120 mg/dL) in absence of diabetes mellitus, and altered mental state.
