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RCoN Patho Chapter 3 > Pathological Calcifications/ cell death, injury > Flashcards

Pathological Calcifications/ cell death, injury Flashcards

1
Q

pathological calcifications are

A

abnormal tissue depositions of calcium salts with smaller amounts of iron, mag, and other

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2
Q

dystrophic calcifications

A

macroscopic calcium deposits in injured tissues

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3
Q

most common etiology of dystrophic calcifications

A

atherosclerosis (disease of arteries characterized by plaque of fatty material)

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4
Q

metastatic calcification

A

calcium deposits in normal tissue as a result of hypercalcemia

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5
Q

metastatic calcification etiology (caused by)

A

hyperparathyroidism is a major cause of hypercalcemia and cancer with metastatic bone lesions

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6
Q

5 categories of cause of cell injury

A 
injury from physical agent
radiation injury
chemical injury
injury from biological agents
injury from nutritional imbalances
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7
Q

injury from physical agents includes

A

mechanical forces
extreme temp.
electrical forces

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8
Q

mechanical forces (physical cell injury) occurs

A

when body impacts with another object

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9
Q

mechanical forces (physical cell injury) can lead to

A

tissue- can split or tear
bones can fracture
blood vessels can be injured leading to disrupted blood flow

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10
Q

electrical forces(physical cell injury) can cause

A

can cause extensive tissue injury and disruption of neural and cardiac impulses

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11
Q

much of damage produced by electrical injuries is

A

caused by heat production in tissue with the highest electrical resistance

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12
Q

radiation injury

A

cell injury caused by ionizing, nonionizing and UV radiations

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13
Q

ionizing radiation injury cause

A

causes release of free radicals that destroy cells

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14
Q

ionizing radiation injury can do what to cells

A

kills cells
interrupt cell replication
cause of variety of genetic mutations

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15
Q

ionizing radiation is used for what

A

cancer radiation treatment

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16
Q

UV radiation causes

A

sunburns and increased risk of skin cancer

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17
Q

UV radiation damage cause by

A

thought to be caused by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and damage to melanin producing processes, also damage DNA

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18
Q

non-ionizing radiation includes

A

infared light, ultrasound, microwaves, laser energy

19
Q

nonionizing radiation causes

A

causes vibrations and rotation of atoms and molecules eventually is converted to thermal energy

20
Q

nonionizing radiation energy

A

is converted to thermal energy an can burn the skin and cause thermal injury to dermal, subcutaneous and deeper tissue

21
Q

chemical injury

A

chemicals can cause damage to cells when ingested or inhaled: tobacco, preservatives in food, carbon monoxide etc.

22
Q

chemical injury-drugs

A

affect cells and tissue based on chemical nature of the drug and how the drug is metabolized

23
Q

how does alcohol cause damage (drug chemical injury)

A

can damage gastric mucosa, liver, developing fetus, etc.

24
Q

acetaminophen causes damage (chemical injury-durgss)

A

ingested->detoxed in liver->converted to toxic metabolite-> detoxed by pathway that uses metabolite-> when ingested in large amounts, pathway is overwhelmed-> toxic metabolite accumulated causing liver necrosis

25
Q

lead toxicity (chemical injury)

A

one of most serious forms of chemical injury

26
Q

lead toxicity enters

A

absorbed through gastro tract and lungs into the blood stream; can enter through placenta

27
Q

lead is stored/eliminated

A

in bones and eliminated in kidneys

28
Q

lead half life

A

hours to days but bone deposits may maintain blood levels of lead for months to years

29
Q

major targets of lead toxicity

A

gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, nervous system, RBCs-> decrease RBCs life span

30
Q

lead main source symptoms in adults

A

gastro tract- “lead colic”

31
Q

cardinal sign of lead toxicity

A

anemia- lead competes for enzyme used in hemoglobin synthesis

32
Q

lead toxicity signs in adults

A

lead line( gums) diffuse kidney damage, lead colic , hypertension, peripheral demyelinating neuropathy

33
Q

lead toxicity in nervous system charact by

A

demyelination of cerebral and cerebellar white matter and death or cortical cells- in children can affect neurobehavioral development (lower IQ)

34
Q

most serious manifestation of lead poising

A

acute encephalopathy

35
Q

acute encephalopathy

A

most serious mani of lead pois.- vomiting, ataxia, seizures, papilledema, impaired consciousness, come

36
Q

screen for lead toxicity

A

use of capillary blood obtained from finger to measure free erythrocyte protoprophyrin (EP) elevated EP results from inhibition by lead of the enzymes required for heme synthesis in RBC

37
Q

mercury toxicity- chemical injury

A

can affect the CNS and kidneys

38
Q

main source of mercury toxicity

A

from consumption of long-lived fish such as tuna/swordfish

39
Q

mercury is toxic in 4 primary forms

A

mercury vapor, inorganic divalent mercury, methyl mercury, ethyl mercury

40
Q

children and pregnant women and mercury

A

preg women and children should avoid eating fish known to contain high mercury b/c of brain susceptibility to damage from mercury toxicity

41
Q

biological injury

A

agents differ from other injurious agents b/c they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects

42
Q

biological injury to cell incure

A

cell by diverse mechanisms

43
Q

biological injury to cells occur

A

because organisms can continue to replicate and continue to injure cells

44
Q

injury from nutritional imbalances

A

excesses and deficiencies predispose cells to injury
obesity-> atherosclerosis
stavation-> iron def anemia, scurvy etc.

RCoN Patho Chapter 3 (5 decks)

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