Pathological Calcifications/ cell death, injury Flashcards
pathological calcifications are
abnormal tissue depositions of calcium salts with smaller amounts of iron, mag, and other
dystrophic calcifications
macroscopic calcium deposits in injured tissues
most common etiology of dystrophic calcifications
atherosclerosis (disease of arteries characterized by plaque of fatty material)
metastatic calcification
calcium deposits in normal tissue as a result of hypercalcemia
metastatic calcification etiology (caused by)
hyperparathyroidism is a major cause of hypercalcemia and cancer with metastatic bone lesions
5 categories of cause of cell injury
injury from physical agent radiation injury chemical injury injury from biological agents injury from nutritional imbalances
injury from physical agents includes
mechanical forces
extreme temp.
electrical forces
mechanical forces (physical cell injury) occurs
when body impacts with another object
mechanical forces (physical cell injury) can lead to
tissue- can split or tear
bones can fracture
blood vessels can be injured leading to disrupted blood flow
electrical forces(physical cell injury) can cause
can cause extensive tissue injury and disruption of neural and cardiac impulses
much of damage produced by electrical injuries is
caused by heat production in tissue with the highest electrical resistance
radiation injury
cell injury caused by ionizing, nonionizing and UV radiations
ionizing radiation injury cause
causes release of free radicals that destroy cells
ionizing radiation injury can do what to cells
kills cells
interrupt cell replication
cause of variety of genetic mutations
ionizing radiation is used for what
cancer radiation treatment
UV radiation causes
sunburns and increased risk of skin cancer
UV radiation damage cause by
thought to be caused by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and damage to melanin producing processes, also damage DNA
non-ionizing radiation includes
infared light, ultrasound, microwaves, laser energy
nonionizing radiation causes
causes vibrations and rotation of atoms and molecules eventually is converted to thermal energy
nonionizing radiation energy
is converted to thermal energy an can burn the skin and cause thermal injury to dermal, subcutaneous and deeper tissue
chemical injury
chemicals can cause damage to cells when ingested or inhaled: tobacco, preservatives in food, carbon monoxide etc.
chemical injury-drugs
affect cells and tissue based on chemical nature of the drug and how the drug is metabolized
how does alcohol cause damage (drug chemical injury)
can damage gastric mucosa, liver, developing fetus, etc.
acetaminophen causes damage (chemical injury-durgss)
ingested->detoxed in liver->converted to toxic metabolite-> detoxed by pathway that uses metabolite-> when ingested in large amounts, pathway is overwhelmed-> toxic metabolite accumulated causing liver necrosis
lead toxicity (chemical injury)
one of most serious forms of chemical injury
lead toxicity enters
absorbed through gastro tract and lungs into the blood stream; can enter through placenta
lead is stored/eliminated
in bones and eliminated in kidneys
lead half life
hours to days but bone deposits may maintain blood levels of lead for months to years
major targets of lead toxicity
gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, nervous system, RBCs-> decrease RBCs life span
lead main source symptoms in adults
gastro tract- “lead colic”
cardinal sign of lead toxicity
anemia- lead competes for enzyme used in hemoglobin synthesis
lead toxicity signs in adults
lead line( gums) diffuse kidney damage, lead colic , hypertension, peripheral demyelinating neuropathy
lead toxicity in nervous system charact by
demyelination of cerebral and cerebellar white matter and death or cortical cells- in children can affect neurobehavioral development (lower IQ)
most serious manifestation of lead poising
acute encephalopathy
acute encephalopathy
most serious mani of lead pois.- vomiting, ataxia, seizures, papilledema, impaired consciousness, come
screen for lead toxicity
use of capillary blood obtained from finger to measure free erythrocyte protoprophyrin (EP) elevated EP results from inhibition by lead of the enzymes required for heme synthesis in RBC
mercury toxicity- chemical injury
can affect the CNS and kidneys
main source of mercury toxicity
from consumption of long-lived fish such as tuna/swordfish
mercury is toxic in 4 primary forms
mercury vapor, inorganic divalent mercury, methyl mercury, ethyl mercury
children and pregnant women and mercury
preg women and children should avoid eating fish known to contain high mercury b/c of brain susceptibility to damage from mercury toxicity
biological injury
agents differ from other injurious agents b/c they are able to replicate and can continue to produce their injurious effects
biological injury to cell incure
cell by diverse mechanisms
biological injury to cells occur
because organisms can continue to replicate and continue to injure cells
injury from nutritional imbalances
excesses and deficiencies predispose cells to injury
obesity-> atherosclerosis
stavation-> iron def anemia, scurvy etc.
