Cellular Adaptation

Question 1

what is cellular adaptation?

Answer 1

protective mechanism to prevent cellular and tissue harm because of stressors.
includes intraceullular accumulations and storage of products in abnormal amounts

Question 2

types of cellular adaptations (5)

Answer 2

atrophy
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia

Question 3

normal cellular adaptations occur

Answer 3

occur is response to an appropriate stimulus and ceases once the need for adaptation has ceased

Question 4

atrophy (general)

Answer 4

decreased demands or adverse enviro. cond.-> decreased cell size and decreased functioning to survive
reversible

Question 5

cells that are atrophied (what do they do)

Answer 5

decrease oxygen consuption and other cellular functions; when suf # of cells atrophy, the entire tissue or muscle atrophies

Question 6

proper muscle mass is maintained

Answer 6

by sufficient levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

Question 7

IGF-1 limits

Answer 7

limit protein degradation and stimulate muscle growth

Question 8

when IGF-1 low=

Answer 8

muscle atrophy occurs

Question 9

apoptosis

Answer 9

programmed cell death

Question 10

causes of atrophy

Answer 10

disuse
denervation
loss of endocrine simulation
inadeqaute nutrition
ischemia or dec. blood flow

Question 11

disuse atrophy

Answer 11

occurs when there is reduction of skeletal muscle use

can also be caused by lack of endocrine stimulation (menopause and repo orgs)

Question 12

example of disuse atrophy

Answer 12

when limbs are in casts;

Question 13

denervation atrophy

Answer 13

form of disuse atrophy in paralyzed limbs

Question 14

hypertrophy

Answer 14

increased cell size and often tissue mass

Question 15

hypertrophy results from

Answer 15

increased workload imposed on organ/body part

commonly seen in cardiac or skeletal muscle

Question 16

hypertrophy is commonly seen in what muscle tissue

Answer 16

cardiac and skeletal which can adapt to an increase in workload through mitotic division and formation of more cells

Question 17

is hypertrophy normal

Answer 17

when physiological: normal when associated with exercise

Question 18

hypertrophy abnormal when

Answer 18

pathological : result of disease condition and may be adaptive or compensatory; or both

Question 19

compensatory hypertrophy

Answer 19

enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue after a portion has been surgically removed

Question 20

initiating signals from hypertrophy related to

Answer 20

appear to be related to ATP depletion, mechanical forces,, activation of cell degradation products and hormonal factors

Question 21

initiating signals for heart hypertrophy can be divided Into

Answer 21

can be divided into biomechanical stress and neurohumoral factors

Question 22

examples of hypertrophy

Answer 22

chambers of heart in left ventricle due to hypertensions

Question 23

compensatory hypertrophy example

Answer 23

kidney removal, remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for loss

Question 24

physiological hypertrophy stimuli

Answer 24

exercise, uterus during preg.

Question 25

pathological hypertrophy stimuli

Answer 25

increased functional demand on tissue aka cardio-hypertriphy in response to increased workload

Question 26

hyperplasia

Answer 26

increased in # of cells in an organ or tissue- my occur together with hypertrophy

involves activation of genes that control cell proliferation, controlled process that ends when stimulus ends

Question 27

hyperplasia occurs in

Answer 27

in tissue capable of mitotic division such as epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and glandular tissue

Question 28

stimuli causing hyperplasia can be either

Answer 28

may be physiological or nonphysiologically

Question 29

example of when hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur together

Answer 29

pregnant uterus as a result of estrogen stimulation

Question 30

2 types of hyperplasia

Answer 30

physiological and non-physiological

Question 31

physiological hyperplasia

Answer 31

2 types hormonal and compensatory

Question 32

physiological hormonal hyperplasia happens in

Answer 32

breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy

Question 33

physiological compensatory hyperplasia

Answer 33

regeneration of liver after partial removal

Question 34

non-physiological hyperplasia due to

Answer 34

due to excessive hormonal stimulation or the effects of growth factor on target tissues- example is a skin wart

Question 35

metaplasia

Answer 35

cell type is replaced with another but the change is reversible

Question 36

metaplasia in response to

Answer 36

chronic irritation and inflammations; allows for sub cells that are better able to survive under these circm.

Question 37

cell type conversion- metaplasia

Answer 37

remain with primary tissue category i.e. epithelial will not turn to CT

Question 38

metaplasia involves

Answer 38

the reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue

Question 39

example of metaplasia

Answer 39

adaptive substitution of stratified squamous epithelial cells for ciliated columnar epith cells in trachea and large airways of a habitual smoker

Question 40

dysplasia

Answer 40

deranged cell growth that results in varying size, shape, and org.
abnormality in BOTH cellular differentiation and maturation
abnormal and adaptive and potentially reversible

Question 41

3 dysplasia cellular changes include

Answer 41

nuclear abnormalities, cytoplasmic abnormalities, disordered maturation

Question 42

dysplasia is distinguished from neoplastic tissues by

Answer 42

it’s lack of invasiveness in all cases and its reversibility in mild cases

Question 43

dysplasia is a strong implication as a precursor of

Answer 43

cancer

Question 44

minor degrees of dysplasia associated with

Answer 44

irritation and inflammation

Question 45

examples of dysplasia

Answer 45

pap smears- incremental epithelial changes range from severe dysplasia to invasive cancer
adaptive process an does not NEC lead to cancer