Pathological anatomy part 4 Flashcards by Laura Laura

Chronic ? virus hepatitis is characterized by:
- Peripheral inflammation
- damage of parenchyma of liver and proliferation of connective tissue
- development of ?
- A+B
- A+B+C

A+B+C

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Ethanol consumption can cause:
- Steatosis
- liver cirrhosis
- autoimmune hepatitis?
- A+B

A+B

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may Wilsons disease appears in childhood:
- yes, may appear
- no

Yes, may appear

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Liver cirrhosis is characterized by:
- nodular structure of liver
- diffuse liver damage
- focal liver damage
- a+b

A+B

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Liver cirrhosis can be caused by:
- primary sclerosing cholangitis
- ethanol consumption
- chronic viral hepatitis C
- b+c
- a+b+c

B+C

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The most common malignant tumor of the liver (at all ages) is:
- liver adenoma
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- secondary (metastatic) tumor

Secondary (metastatic tumor)

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The most common malignant tumor of the liver at the age of 5 is:
- cholangiocarcinoma
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma

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in immunohistochemistry helpful for the diagnosis of primary tumor origin from liver metastasis?
- yes
- no

Yes

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Chronic cholecystitis usually occurs in the setting of:
- stones of gall bladder
- chronic hepatitis
- congenital anomalies of gall bladder

Stones of gall bladder

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The patterns of gall bladder carcinoma growth is:
- invasive
- expansive

Invasive

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Virus infection as a reason for acute pancreatitis:
- No it is not possible
- Yes it is possible in young people
- Yes it is possible in old patients

Yes it is possible in young people

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During severe acute pancreatitis there is present:
- only oedema of pancreatic tissue
- necrosis of pancreatic tissue
- ? of peripancreatic, mesenteric and in tissue of (omentum)?

Of peripancreatic, mesenteric and in tissue of omentum

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During evaluation of “N feature” (TNM classification) of pancreatic carcinoma anybody has to take into consideration:
- age of patient
- invasion of carcinoma into surrounding tissue and organs (peripancreatic tissue, duodenum, stomach etc.)
- presence of metastasis into lymph nodes

Presence of metastasis into lymph nodes

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Achalasia of esophagus:
- epithelia of metaplasia in the distal part of the esophagus
- disturbances of neural innervations in the distal part of esophagus
- dilatations of esophageal veins

Distuebances of neural innervations in the distal part of esophagus

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Manifestations of Mallory-weiss syndrome are:
- formation of esophageal diverticula
- longitudinal tears at the esophagogastric junction
- bleeding
- A+C
- B+C

B+C

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Barrets esophagus is clinically severe situations due to :
- ?
- Increased risk of malignization
- formation of hiatal hernia

Increased risk of malignization

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The most severe complication of esophageal varices is:
- obstruction of esophageal lumen
- increased risk for malignant tumor
- Massive hemorrhage

Massive hemorrhage

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evaluating the feature “T” (in TNM system) of esophageal cancer, there has to be taken into consideration
- histological type and grade of tumor
- diameter of tumor
- the depth of invasion into the layers of esophageal wall

The depth of invasion into the layers of esophageal wall

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Possible complication of large bowel diverticulas include the following:
- diverticulitis
- obstruction of intestines
- celiac disease
- B+C
- A+B

A+B

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adenomoa of large intestines are:
- benign tumors without malignisization possibilities
- Malignant tumors
- benign tumors with malignizisation possibilities

Benign tumors with malignization possibilities

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Colorectal cancer usually is:
- lymphoma
- adenocarcinoma
- squamous cell cancer

Adenocarcinoma

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Hirschsprungs disease is characterized by:
- ? After surgery
- Congenital ? is a part of the disease
- functional obstruction
- colonic dilatation ….?
- B+C+D
- A+C+D

Functional obstruction

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Main causes of acute gastritis are:
- NSAIDS
- Alcohol
- Stress, surgical operations etc
- A+B+C

A+B+C

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Chronic gastritis is characterized by:
- infiltration of gastric mucosa with lymphocytes and plasma cells
- transmural inflammation of ? wall
- formation of gastric lymph…?
- A+B
- A+C

A+C

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33. Complications of peptic ulcer are: - bleeding - perfusion - arterial hypertension - A+B - A+B+C

A+B

34. Morphology of acute (phlegmonous?) appendicitis is characterized by: - granulomatous inflammation - purulent inflammation with a lot of ? - innervation disturbances of appendix - B+C

Purulent inflammation with a lot of

35. Colorectal cancer which ---? Characterized as: - T1 - T3 - T4 - N1 - M1

36. Basic components of pathogenesis of hemochromatosis are: - rapid development of atheroclresosis - formation of fibrosis - iron’s toxic action on hepatocytes - A+B - B+C

B+C

37. Complication of stones in gall bladder are: - formation of stones in renal pelvis - obstructive icterus - A+B

Obstructive icterus

38. Complication of histal hernia are: - local ulcer - bleeding - formation of diverticulas - A+B

A+B

39. Causes of intestinal infarction are: - thrombosis of mesenteric arteries in case of atherosclerosis - carcinoma of colon transverses - enteritis in case of typhoid fever

Thrombosis of mesenteric arteries in case of atherosclerosis

41. The location of primary melanoma may be: - skin - anorectal mucosa - ovarium - A+B - A+C - B+C

A+B

42. Which type of growth of melanoma is evaluated by Clarks classification: - Radial growth - Vertical growth - Both

Vertical growth

43. Lipoma is : - Benign tumor of myocytes - Malignant tumor of myocytes - Benign tumor of adipocytes - malignant tumor of adipocytes

Benign tumor of adipocytes

44. During palpation lipma is : - soft, fluctuating nodules - soft mobile nodule - firm, smooth nodule

Soft mobile nodule

46. Typical sites of leiomyoma localization of: - Skin - uterus - retroperitoneum - A+B - B+C - A+C

Uterus

47. Tumor in which atypical cells produce bone matrix is called: - Osteoma - osteosarcoma - Chrondroma - Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma

48. Gastrointestinal ? expresses the following: - S-100 - CD 117 - D..? - A+B - B+C

A+B

49Find out tumors arising from vessels: - lymphoma - angioma - kapocis sarcoma - a long fucking word starting with an “H” - A+B+C - B+C+D

B+C+D

50. Secondary ( metastatic) chondrosarcoma is developed in the liver. Where can primary tumor be localized? - in fat tissue - ribs - congenital nervous system - tongue

IN ribs

1 The biopsy from an ulcerated, irregular mass in the oesophagus yields atypical squamous epithelium exhibiting intercellular bridges and irrevasive growth. Your diagnosis! a oesophagitis with an inflammatory ulcer b oesophageal adenocarcinoma c squamous cell cancer d barret´s oesophagus

Squamous cell cancer

``` 2 malignant epithelial tumour with glandular differentiation is a squamous cell cancer b adenocarcinoma c gastrointestinal stromal tumour d adenoma ```

Adenocarcinoma

3 T parameter in the oesophageal cancer is defined by a the largest diameter of tumour measured in cm b the depth of invasion into oesophageal wall layers c the presence of liver metastasis

The depth of invasion into esophageal wall layers

4 N parameter in gastric cancer characteristises a the local spread of the tumour b the invasion into serosa c the presence of metastases in the regional lymph nodes d presence of distant metastases

The presence of metastases in the regional lymph nodes

5 congenital hypertrophic pylorostenosis manifests a immediately after birth (during the 1st day of life) b in the 2nd - 3rd week of life c in the 2nd - 3rd year of life d in the adulthood

In the 2nd-3rd week of life

``` 6 Helicobacter pylori can cause a chronic gastritis b peptic ulcer c gastric MALT lymphoma d A+B e B+C f A+C G A+B+C ```

A+B+C

7 development of gastritis can be enhanced by the following factors a ammonia (NH3) production by helicobacter pylori b decreased cell proliferation due to allcohol use c compromised blood circulation in an elderly person d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C

A+B

``` 8 in chronic gastritis the following morphological changes develop in gastric mucosa a infiltration of lymphocytes and plasmocytes in the gastric mucosa b granulomas c lymphoid follicles d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+B+C

``` 9 in the chronic gastritis, the following epithelial changes can develop in gastric mucosa a epithelial regeneration b epithelial metaplasia and dysplasia c glandular atrophy d A+B eB+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+B+C

``` 10 Which tissue layers are present in an active gastric ulcer a necrosis b adenocarcinoma c granulations d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+C

``` 11 Which of the following is / are diffuse liver lesions a liver haemangioma b primary billiary cirrhosis c autoimmune hepatitis d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

B+C

``` 12 A 64 years old lady has marked jaundice. In the biopsy, non purulent inflammatory destruction medium size (40-80mkm in diameter) portal ducts in found. Antimitochondrial antibodies identified in her blood. Your diagnosis: A chronic viral hepatitis C b liver steatosis c primary biliary cirrhosis d hepatocellular carcinoma ```

Primary biliary cirrhosis

``` 13 Ethanol intake can cause a liver steatosis b liver cirrhosis c development of Mallory bodies d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+B+C

14 the main morphological characteristics of liver cirrhosis include a presence of lymphoid folliclles? B disruption of the architecture of the …. liver c …...hepatocyte nodules …....between bridging fibrous septa d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C

B+C

``` 15 The clinical consequences of portal hypertension are a ascitis b primary sclerosing colangitis c overloaded and distented portosystemic venous shunts in haemorrhoidal and oesophagogastric venous plexus d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+C

``` 16 the risk factors of cholesterol stones include a increased exposure to estrogens b obesity c bile infections d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+B

``` 17 the risk of pigment stones include a clofibrate use b metabolic syndrome c hemolysis d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

Hemolysis

18 Acute cholecystitis mostly is associated with a acute gastritis b gall stones c diabetes mellitus

Gall stones

19 The crucial event in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis is a purulent inflammation b autodigestion of the gland by inappropriately activated pancreatic enzymes c untreated long lasting diabetes mellitus

Autodigestion of the gland by inappropriately activated pancreatic enzymes

``` 20 the most frequent risk of acute pancreatitis include a atherosclerosis b gall stones c ethanol use d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

B+C

``` 21 The risk factors of gastric cancer include a helicobacter pylori infection b lack of fresh vegetables and fruits c high socio- economic status d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+B

22 the risk of gastric cancer is increased in the following genetic syndrome a hereditary diffuse gastric cancer b hereditary breast ovarian cancer c gastric cancer is not associated by any hereditary cancer sysndrome

Hereditary diffuse gastric caner

``` 23 in an endoscopic biopsy from oesophageal mucosa, intraepithelial eosinophilic leukocyte infiltration, basal hyperplasia and elongated papillae with dilated capillaries are found. Your diagnosis a normal mucosa b cancer c lymphoma d reflux oesophagitis ```

Reflux oesophagitis

24 Characteristic types of gastric cancer are a adenocarcinoma, melanoma and squamous cell cancer b adenocarcinoma and signet cell cancer c clear cell cancer and squamous cell cancer

Adenocarcinoma and signet cell cancer

``` 25 endoscopic biopsy from small intestinal mucosa yields villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and a high number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) 65 IEL/ 100 epithelial cells. Your diagnosis a carcinoma b lymphoma c celiac disease d purulent inflammation ```

Celiac disease

26 which is the most appropriate characteristics of the frequency of Meckel´s diverticulum a very rare disease with the frequent 0.2 % of population b present in 2% of population and is freuquenlty asymptomatic c component of normal gut anatomy (100%

Present in 2% of populations and is frequently asymptomatic

``` 27 the complication of Meckel´s diverticulum include a inflammation b malignisation c invagination d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+C

``` 28 Which intestinal disease is characterised by transmural inflammation, presence of granuloma sharply demarcated damage intestinal areas presence of deep fissures and / or fistula a ulcerous colitis b crohn´s disease c microscopic colitis d purulent appendicitis ```

Crohn's disease

``` 29 the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease involve the following mechanisms a genetic predisposition b disturbed gut barrier function c pathological T -cell reactions d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+B+C

30 Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by a malrotation of the intestine b clostridium difficile in a patient receive …. treatment c chronic pancreatitis

Clostridium difficile in a patient receive...treatment.

31 heamorrhoids are a pathological intestinal saccular …..with lumen, mucosa and connection with the intestinal lumen b varicose ectensions of anal and perianal canal c benign tumour in the anal area

Varicose extensions of anal and perianal canal

32 the pathogenesis of acquired coloonic diverticula include the following key points a focal weakness of intestinal wall b increased pressure in the intestinal lumen c inappropriate use of antibiotics treatment d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C

A+B

33 Colorectal adenoma is a benign tumor without the risk of maliginasation b benign tumor with substantial risk of malignisation c malignant tumor

Benign tumor with the substantial risk of malignisation

34 the risk of malignisation in the hyerplastic colorectal polyp is a high b moderate c absent

absent

35 which colorectal adenoma has the highest risk of malignisation a hyperplastic polyp measuring 0,7 cm b tubular adenoma measuring 1 cm in diameter and showing low grade dysplasia c villous adenoma measuring 4 cm in diameter and showing high grade dysplasia d colorectal andenocarcinoma

Villous adenoma measuring 4 cm in diameter and showing high grade dysplasia

36 the risk of colorectal cancer in a patient affected by familial adenocarcinoma polyposis (FAP) is a low 1% b moderately high 50% c high 100%

High 100%

``` 37 the risk of colorectal cancer is higher in a western countries b persons whose diet contains high amount of refined carbohydrates and fat but low amount of fibers c obese persons (maybe all???) d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

Obese persons(maybe all)

``` 38 gastrointestinal stromal tumours /GIST´S) develop from a epithelium b smooth muscle c lymphocytes d cajal cells ```

Cajal cells

``` 39 Which of the following is / are focal liver lesions a hepatocellular carcinoma b liver steatosis c chronic active hepatitis B d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

Hepatocellular carcinoma

40 The prognosis of pancreatic cancer is a beneficial 5 year survival is 95´96% b moderate 5 year survival is 50-60% c small 5 year survival is 5-15%

Small 5 year survival is 5-15%

``` 41 If part of the oesophagus in the newborn child is replaced by a thin, non-canalized fibrous cord, causing complete mechanical obstruction, the diagnosis is a oesophageal tumours b oesophagitis c crohn´s disease of the oesophagus d oesophageal atresia ```

Oesophageal atresia

42 achalasia is characterised by a incomplete relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter upon passage of food b disturbance of neuronal function in distal oesophagus c possible development of such complication as oesophagitis, squamous cell cancer or aspiration d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C

A+B+C

43 Mallory Weiss syndrom is characterised by a longitudinal lacerations in the gastrooesophageal or gastric cardiac mucosa or submucosa b bleeding after prolonged, repeated vomitting c high death risk d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C

Longitudinal lacerations in the gastrooesophageal or gastric cardiac mucosa or submucosa

``` 44 varicose oesophageal veins develop mainly in patients with a oesophagitis b metastasis oesophageal tumour c portal hypertension d phlegmonous appendicitis ```

Portal hypertension

45 in the bleeding from varicose oesophaeal veins life-threatening a yes, the death rate is 50% b no, the death rate is 1 %

Yes, the death rate is 50%

``` 46 The most frequent cause of oesophagitis is a irritations b reflux of gastric juice c chronic infection? D chronic kidney disease ```

Reflux of gastric juice

``` 47 the risk of reflux oesophagitis is increased by a pregnancy b alcohol and smoking c axial sliding hiatal hernia d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+B+C

48 Barrett´s oesophagus is clinically important due to a frequent and severe bleeding b increased risk of adenocarcinoma c immunosuppression

Increased risk of adenocarcinoma

``` 49 inborn aganglionosis of the rectum results in a appendicitis b hirschsprung disease c diverticulosis d inflammatory bowel disease ```

Hirschrpung disease

``` 50 the risk of oesophageal squamous cell cancer a nitrites, nitrosamines or mold products in … b helicobacter pylori infection c burning hot food dishes d A+B e B+C f A+C g A+B+C ```

A+C