Pathologic Causes of Effusions Flashcards
What are some pathologic causes of effusions related to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?
- Congestive heart failure and salt and fluid retention.
What are some pathologic causes of effusions related to decreased oncotic pressure?
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Hepatic cirrhosis
- Malnutrition
- Protein-losing enteropathy
”MPNH”
What are some pathologic causes of effusions related to increased capillary permeability?
- Microbial infections
- Membrane inflammations
- Malignancy.
What are some pathologic causes of effusions related to lymphatic obstruction?
- Malignant tumors, lymphomas
- Infection and inflammation
- Thoracic duct injury.
What is the primary characteristic of transudate in serous fluid?
- Transudate typically affects most of the serous fluid
- Associated with systemic conditions that disrupt the balance of fluid filtration and adsorption.
What are some common medical conditions or situations associated with the presence of transudate?
hypoproteinemia
congestive heart failure
nephrotic syndrome
malnutrition
cirrhosis.
”CCHNM”
What are the characteristics of exudate in the context of membrane damage problems?
- Exudate typically involves the affected serous fluid and may be indicative of membrane damage problems.
What are some possible causes of exudate?
- Infection (e.g., Pneumonia, TB, Endocarditis)
- Inflammation
- Malignancy (e.g., Adenoma)
What is the difference in appearance between a transudate and an exudate?
- A transudate typically appears clear
- While an exudate is often cloudy in appearance.
What is the serum protein ratio that indicates a transudate versus an exudate?
- A serum protein ratio of less than 0.5 indicates a transudate
- While a ratio greater than 0.5 indicates an exudate.
What is the serum LD ratio for transudate and exudate fluids?
- For transudate fluids is typically less than 0.6
- While for exudate fluids, it is generally greater than 0.6.
What are the most reliable tests for differentiating between exudate and transudate in fluid analysis?
- Fluid: Serum Protein Ratio and Fluid: Serum LD Ratio.
What is the meaning of “LD” in Fluid:Serum LD Ratio?
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
What is the key difference between transudate and exudate based on their white blood cell (WBC) count?
- With transudate having a WBC count of less than 1,000/uL
- Exudate having a WBC count of more than 1,000/uL.
What is the difference between spontaneous clotting in transudate and exudate?
- Transudate does not spontaneously clot
- Whereas exudate may possibly clot spontaneously.
What is the difference in the Serum Cholesterol Ratio between transudate and exudate pleural effusions?
- In transudate pleural effusions, the Serum Cholesterol Ratio is less than 0.3
- Whereas in exudate pleural effusions greater than 0.3.
What is the typical range of pleural fluid cholesterol levels for transudate and exudate?
- For transudate less than 45-60 mg/dL
- For exudate typically greater than 45-60 mg/dL.
What is the PF (Pleural Fluid) Bilirubin Ratio used to distinguish between when comparing transudate and exudate pleural effusions?
- The PF Bilirubin Ratio is typically less than 0.6
- Greater than 0.6 for exudate pleural effusions.
What is the significance of the Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG) in distinguishing between transudate and exudate in ascitic fluid?
- SAAG value greater than 1.1 indicates a transudate
- While a SAAG value less than 1.1 suggests an exudate.
What is the difference in glucose levels between transudate and exudate fluids?
- Glucose levels are increased in transudate
- Decreased in exudate fluids.
How does Rivalta’s Test help differentiate between transudate and exudate?
- Rivalta’s Test is positive for transudate
- Negative for exudate.
What does an RBC count greater than 100,000/uL indicate?
- Indicates an exudate.
What method is commonly used to determine the serous fluid cell count?
- Using a Neubauer counting chamber.
Which stain is used for conducting differential cell counts
- Wright’s stained
