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Serous Fluid > Pathologic Causes of Effusions > Flashcards

Pathologic Causes of Effusions Flashcards

1
Q

What are some pathologic causes of effusions related to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A
  • Congestive heart failure and salt and fluid retention.
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2
Q

What are some pathologic causes of effusions related to decreased oncotic pressure?

A
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Hepatic cirrhosis
  • Malnutrition
  • Protein-losing enteropathy

”MPNH”

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3
Q

What are some pathologic causes of effusions related to increased capillary permeability?

A
  • Microbial infections
  • Membrane inflammations
  • Malignancy.
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3
Q

What are some pathologic causes of effusions related to lymphatic obstruction?

A
  • Malignant tumors, lymphomas
  • Infection and inflammation
  • Thoracic duct injury.
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3
Q

What is the primary characteristic of transudate in serous fluid?

A
  • Transudate typically affects most of the serous fluid
  • Associated with systemic conditions that disrupt the balance of fluid filtration and adsorption.
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4
Q

What are some common medical conditions or situations associated with the presence of transudate?

A

hypoproteinemia
congestive heart failure
nephrotic syndrome
malnutrition
cirrhosis.

”CCHNM”

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of exudate in the context of membrane damage problems?

A
  • Exudate typically involves the affected serous fluid and may be indicative of membrane damage problems.
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5
Q

What are some possible causes of exudate?

A
  • Infection (e.g., Pneumonia, TB, Endocarditis)
  • Inflammation
  • Malignancy (e.g., Adenoma)
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6
Q

What is the difference in appearance between a transudate and an exudate?

A
  • A transudate typically appears clear
  • While an exudate is often cloudy in appearance.
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7
Q

What is the serum protein ratio that indicates a transudate versus an exudate?

A
  • A serum protein ratio of less than 0.5 indicates a transudate
  • While a ratio greater than 0.5 indicates an exudate.
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8
Q

What is the serum LD ratio for transudate and exudate fluids?

A
  • For transudate fluids is typically less than 0.6
  • While for exudate fluids, it is generally greater than 0.6.
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9
Q

What are the most reliable tests for differentiating between exudate and transudate in fluid analysis?

A
  • Fluid: Serum Protein Ratio and Fluid: Serum LD Ratio.
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10
Q

What is the meaning of “LD” in Fluid:Serum LD Ratio?

A
  • Lactate dehydrogenase (LD)
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11
Q

What is the key difference between transudate and exudate based on their white blood cell (WBC) count?

A
  • With transudate having a WBC count of less than 1,000/uL
  • Exudate having a WBC count of more than 1,000/uL.
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12
Q

What is the difference between spontaneous clotting in transudate and exudate?

A
  • Transudate does not spontaneously clot
  • Whereas exudate may possibly clot spontaneously.
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13
Q

What is the difference in the Serum Cholesterol Ratio between transudate and exudate pleural effusions?

A
  • In transudate pleural effusions, the Serum Cholesterol Ratio is less than 0.3
  • Whereas in exudate pleural effusions greater than 0.3.
13
Q

What is the typical range of pleural fluid cholesterol levels for transudate and exudate?

A
  • For transudate less than 45-60 mg/dL
  • For exudate typically greater than 45-60 mg/dL.
13
Q

What is the PF (Pleural Fluid) Bilirubin Ratio used to distinguish between when comparing transudate and exudate pleural effusions?

A
  • The PF Bilirubin Ratio is typically less than 0.6
  • Greater than 0.6 for exudate pleural effusions.
14
Q

What is the significance of the Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG) in distinguishing between transudate and exudate in ascitic fluid?

A
  • SAAG value greater than 1.1 indicates a transudate
  • While a SAAG value less than 1.1 suggests an exudate.
15
Q

What is the difference in glucose levels between transudate and exudate fluids?

A
  • Glucose levels are increased in transudate
  • Decreased in exudate fluids.
16
Q

How does Rivalta’s Test help differentiate between transudate and exudate?

A
  • Rivalta’s Test is positive for transudate
  • Negative for exudate.
17
Q

What does an RBC count greater than 100,000/uL indicate?

A
  • Indicates an exudate.
18
Q

What method is commonly used to determine the serous fluid cell count?

A
  • Using a Neubauer counting chamber.
19
Q

Which stain is used for conducting differential cell counts

A
  • Wright’s stained
20
Q

What should smears be examined for besides white blood cells?

A
  • Smears should also be examined for normal and malignant tissue cells.

Serous Fluid (9 decks)

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