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Micro Lecture Exam 2 > Pathogensis Model > Flashcards

Pathogensis Model Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of Corynebacterium Diptheriae?

A
  • gram positive
  • club shaped rods
  • non motile
  • non sporing
  • aerobic
  • Strict pathogen (obligate parasite:typically causes disease when present)
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2
Q

Where does Corynebactirum Diptheriae colonize on the body?

A

-nasopharynx/ skin

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3
Q

What are the virulence factors of Corynebacterium Diptheriae?

A
  • fimbraie (attachment)

- A-B exotoxin (binds to human cells, catalyst enzyme)

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4
Q

Which organs/tissues can be damaged by Corynebacterium Diptheriae?

A

-throat, heart, kidney, brain

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5
Q

What is fibro-fatty infiltration?

A

-when dead cells get replaced by scar tissue

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6
Q

Explain what the A:B toxin is

A
  • A-chain enzyme: stops eukaryotic translation(protein synthesis)=cell dies
  • B-chain enzyme: binds heparin-binding epidermal growth factor found on many cells
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7
Q

How is Corynebacterium Diptheriae prevented?

A

-use of vaccines; although, does not prevent carriage

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8
Q

How do bacteriophages relate to Corynebacterium and Cutaneous Diptheriae?

A

-Bacteriophages can sometimes infect a bacterial cell, and then the DNA from the bacteriophage infects into the bacterial cells chromosomes

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9
Q

What does Diptheria toxin (DTx) do when it enters its target cell?

A

-toxin genes are carried to bacteria by Beta-Phage, a virus (bacteriophage) which infects Corynebacterium.

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10
Q

Diptheria Toxin attacks what organs?

A
  • heart (cardiotoxicity, myocarditis)
  • kidneys (nephrotoxicity)
  • brain (neurotoxicity)
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11
Q

How does the Diptheria vaccine work?

A

-the vaccine pre-educates the immune system, and equips the adaptive immune system to fight pathogens pre-infection

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12
Q

What is the difference between the Diptheria vaccine vs antitoxin?

A
  • vaccines stimulate antibody production (long term)

- antitoxins are pre made antibodies that neutralize toxins when injected (short term)

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13
Q

What is the difference between Cutaneous Diptheriae vs Corynebacterium Diptheriae

A
  • Cutaneous Diptheriae
    • wound/skin lesion infection
    • slow healing ulcer
    • toxin stays local, damage limited
  • Corynebacterium Diptheriae
    • nasopharynx/ skin infection
    • transmitted through droplets, nasal secretion
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14
Q

Why doesn’t the Diptheria vaccine prevent people from carrying. Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

-a toxoid isn’t directly injecting the antibodies, its stimulating antibody production

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15
Q

A true/strict pathogen need to have what criteria? (2)

A
  • be an obligate parasite: causes disease when present in/on human
  • a specialist on humans
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16
Q

What is a facultative parasite?

A
  • life cycle does not have to damage host

- can switch to becoming a parasite when on/in a person

17
Q

What are commensalism opportunists (pathogen)?

A

-normal micro flora that have been displaced and now cause disease

18
Q

Where is staphylococcus epidermidis found?

A
  • normally found on the surface of the skin
19
Q

Describe the structure of Staphylococcus epidermidis. What type of pathogen is this?

A
  • Bacterial

- gram positive cocci

20
Q

What are 2 diseases caused by staph. epi.?

A
  • furuncle (skin infection)

- infective endocarditis (destroys heart valves)

21
Q

Name 7 virulence factors of S. Epidermidis

A
  • exopolymers (capsule, biofilm)
  • adhesions (proteins attach)
  • staphyloferrins ( iron siderophores)
  • complement (c5) protease: digests immune system proteins called ‘complement’
  • cytolosins:increase inflammation by stimulating neutrophils;also cause cell lysis
  • antimicrobial protein (AMP) protease
  • antibiotic resistant strains common
22
Q

What are the function of heart valves?

A

-provide a one way flow of blood so there wouldn’t be a back flow

23
Q

What is an endocardium? Endocarditis?

A
  • Endocardium: the lining of the hollow parts of the heart, where the blood makes contact with the blood
  • Endocarditis: when that lining becomes imflammed including the valves
24
Q

How is the overall pathogenicity of S. Epidermidis? What factors make it more likely to develop a serious infection?

A

-Very rare; Only becomes an infection under the right conditions

Weakened immune system
25
Q

Summarize the complement system of proteins

A

-is a system of plasma proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibody, leading to a cascade of reactions that occurs on the surface of pathogens and generates active components with various effector functions

26
Q

What is an environmental opportunist? Name one example

A

-pathogens that have the ability to grow in the outside host environment and invade their host in favorable conditions

Ex. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

27
Q

Where are 3 places you might come in contact with P. Aeruginosa?

A
  • normally found in soil
  • drain of a sink
  • hot tub (inadequately treated with chlorine)
28
Q

Describe the structure of P. Aeruginosa. What kind of pathogen is it?

A
  • bacterial pathogen
  • gram negative rod
  • has flagella
  • does not do photosynthesis
29
Q

What color does P. Aeruginosa appear when growing in a culture? What makes it turn this color?

A
  • greenish color (not a photosynthesis pigment)

- the pigment increases inflammation, and is called pyocyanin (pho=pus, cyan=bluish color)

30
Q

Describe 2 ways that long, dense LPS chains affect the ability of P. Aeruginosa to cause disease

A
  • good at establishing biofilm
  • can resist many disinfectants
  • resist attacks from the complement system
31
Q

List 5 virulence factors of P. Aeruginosa

A
  • biofilm
  • pyocyanin pigment (increases inflammation_
  • pillis/fimbriae (attachment)
  • neurominidase enzyme (enhances binding of fimbriae)
  • LPS (resist attacks from complement system)
32
Q

Name 6 anatomical locations where P. Aeruginosa commonly causes infections

A
  • ear (swimmers ear; outer ear canal infection)
  • hair follicles (hot tub folliculitis)
  • skin (would and burn infections)
  • bladder (urinary tract infections)
  • lining of the heart (heart damage)
  • lungs (lung infection)
33
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

-a disease which can be transmitted to humans from animals

Ex. Rabies

34
Q

What is another name for a neuron? What is its function?

A
  • nerve cells

- receive incoming signals and sends outgoing signals to target cells

35
Q

What is the name of the narrow gap found between neurons?

A

-synapse

36
Q

At which point of a rabies infection can the immune system possibly intercept the virus?

A
  • the synapse before it reaches into the CNS, 10 day period

- treatment: post exposure prophylaxis

37
Q

What does the post exposure prophylaxis treatment consist of?

A
  • Rabies vaccine (active immunization): stimulate patient to make their antibodies to bind rabies virions
  • rabies immunoglobulin (passive immunization): pre-formed antibodies that bind rabies virions
38
Q

Based on the lecture material, what is an example of a commensalism opportunist, zoonotic pathogen, strict/true pathogen, and a environmental opportunist?

A
  • Commensal Opportunist: Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • zoonotic pathogen: rabies virus
  • strict/true pathogen: Corynebacterium diptheriae
  • environmental opportunist: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Micro Lecture Exam 2 (5 decks)

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