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Micro Lecture Exam 2 > Eukaryotic Cells Immune System > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

List the different types of Eukaryotic Microbe groups (4)

A
  • protozoans (chemoheterotrophs)
  • Fungi (chemoheterotrophs)
  • Algae
  • Animals
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2
Q

What are the characteristics of a Protozoan?

A
  • some have animal-like qualities
  • no photosynthesis
  • motile
  • unicellular
  • asexual and sexual reproduction
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3
Q

List some examples of a Protozoan microbe

A
  • amoeba
  • Geordia
  • trapendazomes
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of Fungi?

A
  • single-celled=yeast, multicellular=mold
  • cell walls contain chitin, mannans, toucans
  • release enzymes to digest molecules outside cells, then absorb digestion products
  • some are pathogenic
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Algae?

A
  • almost none can infect
  • photosynthetic
  • some are toxigenic
  • algae death causes O2 depletion
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6
Q

What are the characteristics of Animal microbes?

A

-no cell walls

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7
Q

List the different types of animal Microbes and their subgroups

A
  • Helminths: roundworms, flatworms
  • Vectors: mosquitos, fleas, ticks, lice, flies

Hosts:humans, pets and livestock, immune system cells

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?

A
  • have compartments with specialized functions
  • have a nucleus:holds DNA/chromosomes, regulate gene expression
  • have an extensive cytoskeleton
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9
Q

What are vectors (animal microbe)?

What are some examples?

A
  • inverterbrates that transmit microbes

- mosquitos, fleas, ticks, lice, flies

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10
Q

What is a zoonotic pathogen?

A

-pathogens transmitted through animals and humans

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11
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A
  • helps regulate gene expression (coding genes -> build proteins)
  • holds DNA/ chromosomes
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12
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • protein fibers that organize, and allow the movement of organelles or the entire cell
  • anchors organelles inside cells
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13
Q

What are the 3 networks of fibers in the cytoskeleton?

A

1) Actin microfilaments
2) Microtubules
3) intermediate filaments

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14
Q

What is the function of transport proteins?

A

-move solutes (nutrients, water, ions) across membranes

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15
Q

Which region of transport system in the small intestines is dysregulated if one would experience watery diarrhea?
Why?

A
  • overregulation of the crypts

- crypts are actively secreting electrolytes leading to water secreting

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16
Q

What are MHC-1 proteins? Where is it located?

A
  • cell recognition proteins; display antigens for recognition by T-Lymphocytes (T cells)
  • on the source of all nucleated cells
17
Q

What 2 molecules on bacterial cells are distinguished by the the Immune system?

A
  • Lipopolysaccharides

- Lipoteichoic acids

18
Q

Which 2 receptors on white blood cells recognize the LPS and lipoteichoic acid on bacterial cells?

A
  • CD 14

- TLR 2

19
Q

What are anchoring proteins?

A

-attach cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix to provide mechanical strength to a tissue

20
Q

Name some examples of Anchoring proteins (2) and describe their function?

A
  • hemidesmosomes: anchor epithelial tissue to basement membrane
  • desmosomes: anchor epithelial cells to each other
21
Q

Enzymes that digest anchoring proteins (desmosomes, hemidesmosomes) can cause what kind of effects to the body?

A

-dry and scaly skin

22
Q

What are the functions of tight junction proteins?

A

-prevent water from diffusing past cells through the spaces between them

23
Q

Pathogens disrupting the tight junctions in the intestine can cause what effects to the body?

A
  • diarrhea

- organ failure

24
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

-sorts/ modifies proteins and sends them to correct destination

25
Q

Where are the nuclear pores found and what is its function?

A
  • are the gates in the envelope of the nucleus

- provides a way out for the mRNA

26
Q

What is an antigen?

A

-molecule that is recognized as foreign by a lymphocyte (WBC)

27
Q

Protein X is secreted by a eukaryotic cell. Starting with the mRNA for protein X, describe the steps in its synthesis and secretion

A

1) mRNA becomes attached to a ribosome
2) ribosome then discovers if the mRNA is destined to be a protein that will be secreted or if it will be a protein destined for the ER
3) Translation begins depending on what kind of protein it will be
4) It will stay in the cytosol while translation or it will translate on the RER if its meant for secretion or plasma membrane
5) Golgi apparatus will lastly sort and transport the protein to be secreted

28
Q

Protein W is found in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell. Starting with the mRNA for protein W, describe the steps in its synthesis

A

1) mRNA us recognized by a ribosome floating in the cytoplasm.
2) Ribosome determines that the mRNA codes for a protein meant to stay in the cytosol so the ribosome continues to translate the protein in the cytosol

29
Q

Which types of pathogens are detected with the help of MHC-1?

A

-intracellular pathogens

30
Q

What do cytotoxic (CD8) T cells do?

A

-recognize foreign peptides presented on MHC-1 and it will trigger apoptosis (cell death)

31
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A
  • Natural killer cells can kill cells by triggering apoptosis
  • are part of the innate immune response
32
Q

Are natural killer cells redundant to CD8 T cells or are they complementary?

A

-not redundant to CD8 T cells because if the cell no longer expresses MHC-1 proteins on the surface, then natural killer cells will destroy them

33
Q

Define/describe apoptosis

A

-programmed cell death, where the cell will destroy itself

34
Q

Which type of human cell secretes antibodies?

A

-plasma cells

35
Q

What are 2 other names for antibodies?

A
  • gamma globulin

- immunoglobulin

36
Q

What is an Fc receptor? What does it do?

A

-Fc is a region of an antibody molecule that reacts with complement or binds to the surface of cells such as macrophages

37
Q

How do capsules delay recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system?

A
  • hides bacterial cell from WBCs

- WBC does not detect the capsule as foreign

Micro Lecture Exam 2 (5 decks)

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