Eukaryotic Cells Immune System Flashcards
List the different types of Eukaryotic Microbe groups (4)
- protozoans (chemoheterotrophs)
- Fungi (chemoheterotrophs)
- Algae
- Animals
What are the characteristics of a Protozoan?
- some have animal-like qualities
- no photosynthesis
- motile
- unicellular
- asexual and sexual reproduction
List some examples of a Protozoan microbe
- amoeba
- Geordia
- trapendazomes
What are the characteristics of Fungi?
- single-celled=yeast, multicellular=mold
- cell walls contain chitin, mannans, toucans
- release enzymes to digest molecules outside cells, then absorb digestion products
- some are pathogenic
What are the characteristics of Algae?
- almost none can infect
- photosynthetic
- some are toxigenic
- algae death causes O2 depletion
What are the characteristics of Animal microbes?
-no cell walls
List the different types of animal Microbes and their subgroups
- Helminths: roundworms, flatworms
- Vectors: mosquitos, fleas, ticks, lice, flies
Hosts:humans, pets and livestock, immune system cells
What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic cells?
- have compartments with specialized functions
- have a nucleus:holds DNA/chromosomes, regulate gene expression
- have an extensive cytoskeleton
What are vectors (animal microbe)?
What are some examples?
- inverterbrates that transmit microbes
- mosquitos, fleas, ticks, lice, flies
What is a zoonotic pathogen?
-pathogens transmitted through animals and humans
What is the function of the Nucleus?
- helps regulate gene expression (coding genes -> build proteins)
- holds DNA/ chromosomes
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
- protein fibers that organize, and allow the movement of organelles or the entire cell
- anchors organelles inside cells
What are the 3 networks of fibers in the cytoskeleton?
1) Actin microfilaments
2) Microtubules
3) intermediate filaments
What is the function of transport proteins?
-move solutes (nutrients, water, ions) across membranes
Which region of transport system in the small intestines is dysregulated if one would experience watery diarrhea?
Why?
- overregulation of the crypts
- crypts are actively secreting electrolytes leading to water secreting
What are MHC-1 proteins? Where is it located?
- cell recognition proteins; display antigens for recognition by T-Lymphocytes (T cells)
- on the source of all nucleated cells
What 2 molecules on bacterial cells are distinguished by the the Immune system?
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Lipoteichoic acids
Which 2 receptors on white blood cells recognize the LPS and lipoteichoic acid on bacterial cells?
- CD 14
- TLR 2
What are anchoring proteins?
-attach cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix to provide mechanical strength to a tissue
Name some examples of Anchoring proteins (2) and describe their function?
- hemidesmosomes: anchor epithelial tissue to basement membrane
- desmosomes: anchor epithelial cells to each other
Enzymes that digest anchoring proteins (desmosomes, hemidesmosomes) can cause what kind of effects to the body?
-dry and scaly skin
What are the functions of tight junction proteins?
-prevent water from diffusing past cells through the spaces between them
Pathogens disrupting the tight junctions in the intestine can cause what effects to the body?
- diarrhea
- organ failure
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
-sorts/ modifies proteins and sends them to correct destination
Where are the nuclear pores found and what is its function?
- are the gates in the envelope of the nucleus
- provides a way out for the mRNA
What is an antigen?
-molecule that is recognized as foreign by a lymphocyte (WBC)
Protein X is secreted by a eukaryotic cell. Starting with the mRNA for protein X, describe the steps in its synthesis and secretion
1) mRNA becomes attached to a ribosome
2) ribosome then discovers if the mRNA is destined to be a protein that will be secreted or if it will be a protein destined for the ER
3) Translation begins depending on what kind of protein it will be
4) It will stay in the cytosol while translation or it will translate on the RER if its meant for secretion or plasma membrane
5) Golgi apparatus will lastly sort and transport the protein to be secreted
Protein W is found in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell. Starting with the mRNA for protein W, describe the steps in its synthesis
1) mRNA us recognized by a ribosome floating in the cytoplasm.
2) Ribosome determines that the mRNA codes for a protein meant to stay in the cytosol so the ribosome continues to translate the protein in the cytosol
Which types of pathogens are detected with the help of MHC-1?
-intracellular pathogens
What do cytotoxic (CD8) T cells do?
-recognize foreign peptides presented on MHC-1 and it will trigger apoptosis (cell death)
What do natural killer cells do?
- Natural killer cells can kill cells by triggering apoptosis
- are part of the innate immune response
Are natural killer cells redundant to CD8 T cells or are they complementary?
-not redundant to CD8 T cells because if the cell no longer expresses MHC-1 proteins on the surface, then natural killer cells will destroy them
Define/describe apoptosis
-programmed cell death, where the cell will destroy itself
Which type of human cell secretes antibodies?
-plasma cells
What are 2 other names for antibodies?
- gamma globulin
- immunoglobulin
What is an Fc receptor? What does it do?
-Fc is a region of an antibody molecule that reacts with complement or binds to the surface of cells such as macrophages
How do capsules delay recognition of bacterial cells by the immune system?
- hides bacterial cell from WBCs
- WBC does not detect the capsule as foreign
