Microbial Metabolism Flashcards
Why are lipids energy dense?
-1 triglerceride molecule yields 3 fatty acids molecules; each has 16 or more carbons
Define Metabolism
- all chem reactions in a cell
- 90% of these chemical reactions need enzymes
Define catabolism
-the breaking down of molecules; Complex -> simple
Describe the process of hydrolysis
-converts macromolecules into simpler molecules
Describe the process of oxidation
Breaks C-C bonds, releasing energy
Define anabolism
- build up molecules; simple -> complex
- protein synthesis (dehydration_
- require energy
Electron carriers; oxidized (e- Hungary) vs reduced (e- rich) versions
NAD+ -> NADH
FAD -> FADH2
NADP+ -> NADPH
What is the energetic relation between catabolism and anabolism
- catabolism releases energy by oxidation of molecules
- anabolism uses that energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up the cell
Nucleotides are connected to make mRNA (transcription). Is this catabolism or anabolism?
-this is an anabolic process
What are the 4 phases of cellular respiration?
1) Glycolysis (makes ATP and electron carriers)
2) Pyruvate oxidation (NADH,CO2)
3) citric acid cycle (ATP, most electron carriers:FADH, NADH, CO2)
4) electron transport chain: converts reduced electron carriers to ATP
Do bacteria have mitochondria?
NOOOO
Where are the bacterial electron transport chains found?
-plasma membrane
What are the net reactants and products of Glycolysis?
Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2Pi
->
2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 H2O
In a cell that does aerobic cellular respiration, how does the electron transport chain relate to glycolysis?
-glycolysis transfers electrons from molecules to electron carriers (NADH)
What is the purpose of fermentation reactions?
- allows for glycolysis to continue
- recharges NAD+
-other microbes use fermentation only when oxygen is not available or when they need the acidic products of fermentation for biosynthesis
What is the final electron acceptor in Aerobic respiration? What is the maximum ATP produced?
- O2
- 38 ATP
What is the final electron acceptors in Anaerobic respiration? What is the maximum ATP that can be produced?
- sulfate(SO4^2-), Nitrate (NO3-), Carbonate (CO3^2-)
- approx 20 ATP
What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation? What is the maximum ATP that can be produced?
- organic molecules (pyruvate, acetaldehyde)
- 2 ATP
What are some foods that require fermentation?
- bread
- cheese
- wine
- Greek yogurt
- sauer kraut
What are the different fermentation types?
- Lactic acid: human muscle
- methanol (CO2): bakers yeast
- propionic acid: propionicbacterium
- butyric acid: clostridium
- mixed acid: escherichia
- butanediol: enterobacter
What are the products of fermentation?
-acids, alcohols, gases
What are the different types of Amino Acid Metabolism? (3)
- amination
- deamination
- transamination
Describe the process of Amination
-microbes attach NH3 to small carbon molecules to make amino acids
Describe the process of deamination
- microbes can remove NH3 from amino acids to make molecules that can be broken-down to produce ATP using oxidation/cell resp
- releases ammonia
Describe the process of transamination
-allows cells to trade in amino acids that have an excess to make those that are missing
How can amino acids be used for fuel for cellular respiration?
-amino acids are useful sources or energy for some aerobic bacteria, but only if O2 is available because Krebs and ETC rely on O2, and because deamination relies on oxidation
