Microbial Metabolism

Question 1

Why are lipids energy dense?

Answer 1

-1 triglerceride molecule yields 3 fatty acids molecules; each has 16 or more carbons

Question 2

Define Metabolism

Answer 2

• all chem reactions in a cell

- 90% of these chemical reactions need enzymes

Question 3

Define catabolism

Answer 3

-the breaking down of molecules; Complex -> simple

Question 4

Describe the process of hydrolysis

Answer 4

-converts macromolecules into simpler molecules

Question 5

Describe the process of oxidation

Answer 5

Breaks C-C bonds, releasing energy

Question 6

Define anabolism

Answer 6

• build up molecules; simple -> complex
  
  • protein synthesis (dehydration_
  • require energy

Question 7

Electron carriers; oxidized (e- Hungary) vs reduced (e- rich) versions

Answer 7

NAD+ -> NADH

FAD -> FADH2

NADP+ -> NADPH

Question 8

What is the energetic relation between catabolism and anabolism

Answer 8

• catabolism releases energy by oxidation of molecules

- anabolism uses that energy to synthesize macromolecules that make up the cell

Question 9

Nucleotides are connected to make mRNA (transcription). Is this catabolism or anabolism?

Answer 9

-this is an anabolic process

Question 10

What are the 4 phases of cellular respiration?

Answer 10

1) Glycolysis (makes ATP and electron carriers)
2) Pyruvate oxidation (NADH,CO2)
3) citric acid cycle (ATP, most electron carriers:FADH, NADH, CO2)
4) electron transport chain: converts reduced electron carriers to ATP

Question 11

Do bacteria have mitochondria?

Answer 11

NOOOO

Question 12

Where are the bacterial electron transport chains found?

Answer 12

-plasma membrane

Question 13

What are the net reactants and products of Glycolysis?

Answer 13

Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2Pi
->
2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 H2O

Question 14

In a cell that does aerobic cellular respiration, how does the electron transport chain relate to glycolysis?

Answer 14

-glycolysis transfers electrons from molecules to electron carriers (NADH)

Question 15

What is the purpose of fermentation reactions?

Answer 15

• allows for glycolysis to continue
  
  • recharges NAD+

-other microbes use fermentation only when oxygen is not available or when they need the acidic products of fermentation for biosynthesis

Question 16

What is the final electron acceptor in Aerobic respiration? What is the maximum ATP produced?

Answer 16

• O2

- 38 ATP

Question 17

What is the final electron acceptors in Anaerobic respiration? What is the maximum ATP that can be produced?

Answer 17

• sulfate(SO4^2-), Nitrate (NO3-), Carbonate (CO3^2-)

- approx 20 ATP

Question 18

What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation? What is the maximum ATP that can be produced?

Answer 18

• organic molecules (pyruvate, acetaldehyde)

- 2 ATP

Question 19

What are some foods that require fermentation?

Answer 19

• bread
• cheese
• wine
• Greek yogurt
• sauer kraut

Question 20

What are the different fermentation types?

Answer 20

• Lactic acid: human muscle
• methanol (CO2): bakers yeast
• propionic acid: propionicbacterium
• butyric acid: clostridium
• mixed acid: escherichia
• butanediol: enterobacter

Question 21

What are the products of fermentation?

Answer 21

-acids, alcohols, gases

Question 22

What are the different types of Amino Acid Metabolism? (3)

Answer 22

• amination
• deamination
• transamination

Question 23

Describe the process of Amination

Answer 23

-microbes attach NH3 to small carbon molecules to make amino acids

Question 24

Describe the process of deamination

Answer 24

• microbes can remove NH3 from amino acids to make molecules that can be broken-down to produce ATP using oxidation/cell resp
• releases ammonia

Question 25

Describe the process of transamination

Answer 25

-allows cells to trade in amino acids that have an excess to make those that are missing

Question 26

How can amino acids be used for fuel for cellular respiration?

Answer 26

-amino acids are useful sources or energy for some aerobic bacteria, but only if O2 is available because Krebs and ETC rely on O2, and because deamination relies on oxidation