Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My Patho/Pharm > Patho Unit 7 > Flashcards

Patho Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

muscular tubes that carry urine to the bladder

A

ureters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

external sphincter the controls urine outflow under voluntary control

A

urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

functional unit of the excretory kidney

A

nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

two types of nephrons

A

cortical

juxtamedullary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 processes of the renal system

A

filtration
reabsorption
excretion
secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

all substances found in the urine that are not reabsorbed back into the body (left in the filtrate)

A

excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

accumulation of potassium, acids, fluid, and waste products that should have been removed in urine

A

anuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

results in fluid overload, acid-base disturbances, electrolyte abnormalities, and build up of waste products

A

renal failure (uremia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

in severe hypoglycemia, when the liver and kidneys make glucose from other substances

A

gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

filtrate flows down the ______ ______ in the cortex and reabsorption takes place here

A

proximal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

movement of fluids from filtrate back into the peritubular capillaries

A

reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

things that are reabsorbed back into the peritubular capillaries

A 
Na and Cl
water
amino acids
glucose
phosphate
proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

movement from peritubular capillaries back into the filtrate

A

secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a measure of renal glomular filtration

A

creatinine clearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

part of juxtamedullary nephron that creates a very salty environment in the medulla of the kidney

A

Loop of Henle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

part of J nephron that monitors the filtrate to indirectly assess vascular volume

A

macula densa (dense body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type of cells that release renin to activate the RAS

A

juxtaglomular apparatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

part of loop of Henle that prevents the rapid flow and washout of the concentration gradient

A

hairpin loop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

once filtrate can no longer be changed by reabsorption or secretion, the filtrate is now called _____

A

urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where is ADH synthesized

A

hypothalamus neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where is ADH stored

A

posterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

three reasons ADH would be released

A

elevated osmolarity
peripheral baroreceptor activation with hypotension
angiotensin 2 stimulation via RAS activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mineralcorticoid hormone made by the adrenal gland that affects mineral homeostasis

A

aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

disease caused by lowering production of aldosterone. involves Na wasting (hyponatremia) from excess loss of Na into the urine, K accumulation (hyperkalemia), and acidosis

A

Addison’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

disease caused by overproduction of aldosterone, Na and water retention (edema), K wasting (hypokalemia), and alkalosis

A

Cushing’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

two types of natriuretic peptides

A

brain (BNP) and atrial (ANP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

type of drug that interferes with the body’s sodium excretion resulting in increased sodium and water loading the increases overall blood volume and therefore blood pressure

A

NSAID’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is satisfied when our osmolality returns to normal and mouth dryness is relieved.

A

thirst response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

stimulates salt eating

A

hyponatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

metabolic waste product of muscle creatine that is filtered out in the urine

A

creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

amount of creatinine cleared out by filtration is a measure of

A

glomerular filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

acute or chronic disease that can be caused by many things and deceases the GFR or tubular function

A

renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

two types of acute renal syndromes

A

acute kidney injury

acute renal failure

34
Q

3 types of chronic renal syndromes

A

chronic kidney disease (CKD)
chronic renal failure (CRF)
renal insufficiency

35
Q

3 labs run to test renal function

A

BUN
creatinine
cystatin

36
Q

when there is BUN protein in the blood

A

uremia (azotemia)

37
Q

risk of acute renal failure, injury to the kidney,failure of renal function, loss of function, end stage renal failure

A

RIFLE

38
Q

caused by use of contrast dyes used in radiology studies - damages the kidneys

A

contrast induced nephropathy

39
Q

caused by any condition that reduces perfusional pressure to the glomerulus (hypovolemia, sepsis, cardiogenic shock, low output HF, dehydration, severe hemorrhage, liver failure)

A

pre-renal AKI (acute kidney injury)

40
Q

acute renal failure when there is nothing wrong with the kidneys (can occur due to liver failure)

A

hepatorenal syndrome

41
Q

any condition that damages STRUCTURES of the kidneys

A

intra-renal AKI

42
Q

feeling that you have to urinate very soon

A

urgency

43
Q

having to urinate often but only a small amount is expelled

A

frequency

44
Q

waking up to urinate more than normal

A

nocturia

45
Q

death of skeletal muscle cells realeases cell contents into circulation - myoglobin, calcium, potassium, proteins, creatine, acid - can be fatal
caused by extreme exertion. febrile, tenderness of large muscles

A

rhabdomyolysis

46
Q

any condition that BLOCKS urinary outflow (kidney stone in ureter, bladder tumor)

A

post-renal AKI

47
Q

condition/disease that is usually caused by DM and HTN (or analgesic abuse) where pt is anemic, has elevated BUN, PTH, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, low bicarbonate, and low pH (acidosis)

A

chronic kidney disease (CKD)
aka chronic renal failure (CRF)
aka end stage renal disease (ESRD)

48
Q

type of diet has low sodium, restricted protein intake, low acid

A

diabetic diet

49
Q

what will patient need if CKD reaches stage 5

A

Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)

50
Q

two types of renal replacement therapy

A

peritonial/ hemodialysis

kidney transplant

51
Q

3 types of dialysis

A

hemodialysis
peritoneal dialysis
hemofiltration

52
Q

used to remove toxins from the blood, such as: drugs, potassium, calcium, urea, and acidosis that were not filtered out by the kidney

A

dialysis

53
Q

type of dialysis that allows rapid access in the critically ill patient via a catheter in a large vein

A

hemodialysis

54
Q

longterm access where an artery and a vein are joined either in the arm or hand

A

arterio venous fistula (AV fistula)

55
Q

catheter pushes fluid into the peritoneal cavity and the peritoneum serves as the semi-permeable membrane

A

peritoneal dialysis

56
Q

test strip with chemical reagents that demonstrate abnormalities in urine

A

urinalysis (dip stick)

57
Q

normal range of specific gravity in urinalysis

A

1.005- 1.025

58
Q

leukocytes in urine

A

pyuria

59
Q

positive in urine infection

A

nitrite

60
Q

blood in the urine (gross or microscopic)

A

hematuria

61
Q

large amounts of albumin in the urine, losing water along with albumin, presenting with edema, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, complications of infection

A

nephrotic syndrome / severe proteinuria

62
Q

pediatric condition where acidosis presents with HYPOkalemia, and failure to thrive. either impairment in bicarbonate reabsorption or reduced acid secretion

A

Renal Tubule, Acidosis (RTA)

63
Q

means excessive urine production

A

diabetes

64
Q

deficiency of ADH (pituitary), can be genetic or idiopathic, and acquired from trauma or a tumor in the pituitary. presents with polydipsia, polyuria, nocturia, dehydration with volume contraction if unable to keep up with fluid losses

A

CENTRAL Diabetes Insipidus

65
Q

genetic, acquired disorder that is a renal resistance to ADH. presents with thirst, dilute urine, hypernatremia if water not available to unable to drink

A

NEPHROGENIC Diabetes Insipidus

66
Q

condition where too much ADH secretion results in over reabsorption of free water resulting in dilutional hyponatremia of the blood. presents with neurological symptoms such as ataxia (abnormal gait) and confusion

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

67
Q

LOWERED production of aldosterone, Na wasting from excess loss of Na into the urine, K accumulation, and acidosis

A

Addison’s disease

68
Q

OVERPRODUCTION of aldosterone, Na and water retention (edema), K wasting, alkalosis

A

Cushing’s disease

69
Q

normal bladder voids how many times per day?

A

4-8 times

70
Q

adult bladder can hold about ___ ml

A

600

71
Q

normal adult bladder gets urge to void at ___ ml

A

300

72
Q

painful urination

A

dysuria

73
Q

needing to strain or bear down on the external sphincter to urinate

A

straining

74
Q

newborn abdominal masses (enlarged kidneys)

A

hydronephrotic kidneys (hydronephresis)

75
Q

pediatric diagnosis where the vesicoureteral junction is incontinent and allows urine to pass backward toward the kidneys

A

vesicoureteral reflux

76
Q

disorder associated with undescended testicles where there is a severe reduction in abdominal musculature and the gut hangs our because there is nothing to keep it tight

A

prune belly syndrome (eagle-barrett syndrome)

77
Q

when the prepuce of the penis cannot be retracted over the glans

A

phimosis

78
Q

when the prepuce of the penis is retracted beyond the coronal sulcus and cannot be returned

A

papaphimosis

79
Q

septum develops in vagina that can go all the way up through the cervix and uterus

A

septate vagina

80
Q

exposure to androgens in fetal life can masculinize the female infant

A

masculinization

81
Q

disease presents with painless hematuria, with risk factors being exposure to certain chemicals and smoking

A

bladder cancer

My Patho/Pharm (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions