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My Patho/Pharm > Patho Unit 2 > Flashcards

Patho Unit 2 Flashcards

0
Q

the part of the nervous system made up of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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1
Q

system in charge of rapid functions and activities

A

nervous system

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2
Q

part of the nervous system that is made up of somatic NS, the autonomic NS and the Enteric

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

another name for a nerve cell

A

neuron

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4
Q

neurons that carry information from the environment and the body to the CNS

A

Sensory Neurons

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5
Q

neurons that carry information away from the CNS to the body

A

motor neurons

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6
Q

name of the pathway for the motor neurons

A

descending (efferent) pathway

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7
Q

neurons that connect other neurons to each other

A

associational neurons

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8
Q

a group of neuron cell bodies outside of the CNS

A

ganglion

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9
Q

neuron cell bodies inside of the CNS that are grouped closely together and are responsible for one function

A

nuclei

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10
Q

neurons can not undergo _____

A

mitosis

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11
Q

rerouting of brain functions to remaining areas after damage

A

neuroplasticity

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12
Q

cell body of a neuron

A

soma

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13
Q

the location of a neuron’s destination where it meets up with another cell

A

synapse

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14
Q

chemicals released by the axon at the destination

A

neurotransmitters

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15
Q

extension away from the soma (cell body) with or without a covering

A

axon

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16
Q

insulating covering of some axons

A

myelin sheath

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17
Q

the swelling at the end of an axon that contains the neurotransmitters

A

synaptic knob (terminal buttons)

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18
Q

larger and faster axons, due to the insulating properties

A

myelinated axons

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19
Q

axons with slower conduction

A

non-myelinated axons

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20
Q

nodes along the axon where there is no myelin

A

nodes of Ranvier

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21
Q

cells that produce the myelin to cover the neurons and help their function

A

Schwann cells

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22
Q

star shaped cells that provide physical and nutritional support for neurons (supporting cell)

A

astrocyte (astroglia)

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23
Q

supporting cells that digest dead neurons

A

microglia

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24
Q

supporting cells that provide myelin to neurons in the CNS

A

oligodendroglia

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25
Q

supporting cells that are a physical support for neurons in the PNS

A

satellite cells

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26
Q

stored energy in the neuron cell body

A

resting potential

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27
Q

the cell is ______ inside and ______ outside

A

negative inside & positive outside

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28
Q

electrical polarity in a neuron is created by the _____

A

sodium potassium pump (Na-K pump)

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29
Q

chemicals synthesized in the soma of a neuron and stored at the end of an axon at the synaptic terminal

A

neurotransmitters

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30
Q

space between the axon and the receptor cell

A

synaptic cleft

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31
Q

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

A

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

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32
Q

what is the main excitatory NT in the brain

A

glutamate (glutamic acid)

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33
Q

NT that uses G-protein receptors called cholinergic

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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34
Q

type of NT that is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, and ADHD

A

monoamines

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35
Q

type of monoamine that affects regions of the pons and brainstem to regulate sleep induction, mood and anxiety

A

serotonin

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36
Q

what percentage of the body’s cardiac output is recieved by the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

A

20%

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37
Q

three main divisions of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain

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38
Q

what is the clinical term for the part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain and the hindbrain

A

brainstem

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39
Q

another name for midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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40
Q

another name for the cerebellum and pons (in hindbrain)

A

metencephalon

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41
Q

another name for the medulla (in hindbrain)

A

myelencephalon

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42
Q

usual substrate for energy production in cerebral metabolism

A

glucose

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43
Q

how long does it take for a loss of blood flow due to lack of oxygen for aerobic respiration to cause a coma

A

5 to 10 seconds

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44
Q

name of the two anterior vessels that supply the brain with blood

A

carotid arteries

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45
Q

name the two posterior vessels supplying the brain with blood

A

basilar arteries

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46
Q

lack of blood flow in a specific artery

A

thrombosis

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47
Q

leaking of blood from a vessel

A

hemorrhage

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48
Q

________ encompasses a circle around the base of the brain that connects the carotid and basilar arteries

A

Circle of Willis

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49
Q

blockage of blood supply to the brain could be on or more of what four things

A

tumor
thrombosis
bleeding
injury

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50
Q

arterial blockage would cause _______

A

ischemia (lack of blood to the brain)

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51
Q

venous blockage would cause

A

increase cranial pressure

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52
Q

fluid of the spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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53
Q

what makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

neuroglia

tight junctions

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54
Q

3 areas of the brain not affected by the BBB

A

pineal gland
pituitary gland
hypothalamus

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55
Q

why does the BBB not apply to those 3 areas?

A

the brain has sample the body’s internal environment for body functions controlled by those parts of the brain

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56
Q

3 things can easily cross the BBB

A

water
lipid soluble substances
gases (O2 CO2)

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57
Q

things that have difficult entry across the BBB

A

proteins
electrolytes
larger molecules (including certain therapeutic drugs)

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58
Q

nerves that come out of the bottom of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina (horse’s tail)

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59
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A

axons (myelin)

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60
Q

area of the spinal cord that contains the CSF

A

central canal

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61
Q

gray matter of the cord

A

soma (neuron cell bodies)

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62
Q

know anatomical position and terms

A 
anterior
posterior
superior 
inferior
ventral 
dorsal
proximal 
distal
medial
lateral
midline
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63
Q

bulging areas of the spinal cord where the peripheral nerves attach

A

“horns”

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64
Q

bundles of axons traveling together and serving the same function (pathways transmitting a certain type of information)

A

tracts

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65
Q

when a nerve tract crosses over from one side of the body to another at some point in the cord

A

decussation

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66
Q

membranes with spaces above and below the brain and membranes that contain structures or fluid

A

meninges

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67
Q

potential space above first layer of meninges which has a negative sub-atmospheric pressure

A

epidural space

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68
Q

first layer of meninge, including both the periosteum and the inner dura

A

dura matter

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69
Q

space below the dura matter containing blood vessels

A

subdural space

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70
Q

second layer of meninge

A

arachnoid membrane

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71
Q

space that forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles) that contains the CSF

A

subarachnoid space

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72
Q

last meninge layer that contains the choroid plexuses that make CSF

A

pia matter

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73
Q

PNS neurotransmitters (NTs) that release peripherally at sites of injury and inflammation, stimulated by histamine

A

neuropeptides (amino acid chains)

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74
Q

when sensory symptoms are in the body area that corresponds to any destructive processes in vertebrae or the spinal cord at that level of the spinal cord

A

radiculopathy

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75
Q

where a neuron synapses with skeletal muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

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76
Q

receptor on the skeletal muscle that accepts ACh from a neuron

A

nicotinic

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77
Q

first neuron that leaves the spinal cord

A

pre-synaptic neuron

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78
Q

second neuron that leaves the spinal cord that sends its axon to the destination or “end organ”

A

post-synaptic neuron

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79
Q

division of the motor nervous system that controls voluntary movements

A

somatic nervous system

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80
Q

division of the motor nervous system that controls involuntary responses

A

autonomic nervous system

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81
Q

two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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82
Q

which division of the ANS is “fight or flight”

A

sympathetic division

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83
Q

which division of the ANS is the “rest or digest” division

A

parasympathetic

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84
Q

cranial nerve that affects many visceral organs (parasympathetic)

A

vagus (vagal)

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85
Q

what is another term for adrenaline

A

epinephrine

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86
Q

NT released by most sympathetic post-synaptic neurons

A

catecholamines

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87
Q

catacholamine receptor that is on the lung and relaxes smooth muscle of the bronchioles to bronchodilate them and improve ventilation

A

beta-2 receptor

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88
Q

receptor on the heart that increases heart rate and force of ventricular contraction (BP)

A

beta-1 receptor

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89
Q

receptors on peripheral blood vessels for vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels and on genitourinary smooth muscle for smooth muscle contraction

A

alpha-1 receptors

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90
Q

receptors on fat cells that cause lypolysis and on smooth muscle of the bladder

A

beta-3 receptors

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91
Q

12 large nerves that enter the base of the brain

A

cranial nerves

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92
Q

name the 12 cranial nerves

A

1: olfactory
2: optic
3: oculomotor
4: trochlear
5: trigeminal
6: abducent
7: facial
8: vestibulocochlear
9: glossopharyngeal
10: vagus
11: accessory
12: hypoglossal

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93
Q

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

A

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

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94
Q

what is the main excitatory NT in the brain

A

glutamate (glutamic acid)

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95
Q

NT that uses G-protein receptors called cholinergic

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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96
Q

type of NT that is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, and ADHD

A

monoamines

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97
Q

type of monoamine that affects regions of the pons and brainstem to regulate sleep induction, mood and anxiety

A

serotonin

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98
Q

what percentage of the body’s cardiac output is recieved by the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

A

20%

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99
Q

three main divisions of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain

How well did you know this?
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2
3
4
5
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100
Q

what is the clinical term for the part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain and the hindbrain

A

brainstem

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101
Q

another name for midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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102
Q

another name for the cerebellum and pons (in hindbrain)

A

metencephalon

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103
Q

another name for the medulla (in hindbrain)

A

myelencephalon

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104
Q

usual substrate for energy production in cerebral metabolism

A

glucose

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105
Q

how long does it take for a loss of blood flow due to lack of oxygen for aerobic respiration to cause a coma

A

5 to 10 seconds

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106
Q

name of the two anterior vessels that supply the brain with blood

A

carotid arteries

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107
Q

name the two posterior vessels supplying the brain with blood

A

basilar arteries

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108
Q

lack of blood flow in a specific artery

A

thrombosis

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109
Q

leaking of blood from a vessel

A

hemorrhage

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110
Q

________ encompasses a circle around the base of the brain that connects the carotid and basilar arteries

A

Circle of Willis

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4
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111
Q

blockage of blood supply to the brain could be on or more of what four things

A

tumor
thrombosis
bleeding
injury

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

arterial blockage would cause _______

A

ischemia (lack of blood to the brain)

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2
3
4
5
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113
Q

venous blockage would cause

A

increase cranial pressure

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

fluid of the spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

115
Q

what makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

neuroglia

tight junctions

116
Q

3 areas of the brain not affected by the BBB

A

pineal gland
pituitary gland
hypothalamus

117
Q

why does the BBB not apply to those 3 areas?

A

the brain has sample the body’s internal environment for body functions controlled by those parts of the brain

118
Q

3 things can easily cross the BBB

A

water
lipid soluble substances
gases (O2 CO2)

119
Q

things that have difficult entry across the BBB

A

proteins
electrolytes
larger molecules (including certain therapeutic drugs)

120
Q

nerves that come out of the bottom of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina (horse’s tail)

121
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A

axons (myelin)

122
Q

area of the spinal cord that contains the CSF

A

central canal

123
Q

gray matter of the cord

A

soma (neuron cell bodies)

124
Q

know anatomical position and terms

A 
anterior
posterior
superior 
inferior
ventral 
dorsal
proximal 
distal
medial
lateral
midline
125
Q

bulging areas of the spinal cord where the peripheral nerves attach

A

“horns”

126
Q

bundles of axons traveling together and serving the same function (pathways transmitting a certain type of information)

A

tracts

127
Q

when a nerve tract crosses over from one side of the body to another at some point in the cord

A

decussation

128
Q

membranes with spaces above and below the brain and membranes that contain structures or fluid

A

meninges

129
Q

potential space above first layer of meninges which has a negative sub-atmospheric pressure

A

epidural space

130
Q

first layer of meninge, including both the periosteum and the inner dura

A

dura matter

131
Q

space below the dura matter containing blood vessels

A

subdural space

132
Q

second layer of meninge

A

arachnoid membrane

133
Q

space that forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles) that contains the CSF

A

subarachnoid space

134
Q

last meninge layer that contains the choroid plexuses that make CSF

A

pia matter

135
Q

PNS neurotransmitters (NTs) that release peripherally at sites of injury and inflammation, stimulated by histamine

A

neuropeptides (amino acid chains)

136
Q

when sensory symptoms are in the body area that corresponds to any destructive processes in vertebrae or the spinal cord at that level of the spinal cord

A

radiculopathy

137
Q

where a neuron synapses with skeletal muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

138
Q

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

A

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

139
Q

what is the main excitatory NT in the brain

A

glutamate (glutamic acid)

140
Q

NT that uses G-protein receptors called cholinergic

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

141
Q

type of NT that is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, and ADHD

A

monoamines

142
Q

type of monoamine that affects regions of the pons and brainstem to regulate sleep induction, mood and anxiety

A

serotonin

143
Q

what percentage of the body’s cardiac output is recieved by the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

A

20%

144
Q

three main divisions of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain

145
Q

what is the clinical term for the part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain and the hindbrain

A

brainstem

146
Q

another name for midbrain

A

mesencephalon

147
Q

another name for the cerebellum and pons (in hindbrain)

A

metencephalon

148
Q

another name for the medulla (in hindbrain)

A

myelencephalon

149
Q

usual substrate for energy production in cerebral metabolism

A

glucose

150
Q

how long does it take for a loss of blood flow due to lack of oxygen for aerobic respiration to cause a coma

A

5 to 10 seconds

151
Q

name of the two anterior vessels that supply the brain with blood

A

carotid arteries

152
Q

name the two posterior vessels supplying the brain with blood

A

basilar arteries

153
Q

lack of blood flow in a specific artery

A

thrombosis

154
Q

leaking of blood from a vessel

A

hemorrhage

155
Q

________ encompasses a circle around the base of the brain that connects the carotid and basilar arteries

A

Circle of Willis

156
Q

blockage of blood supply to the brain could be on or more of what four things

A

tumor
thrombosis
bleeding
injury

157
Q

arterial blockage would cause _______

A

ischemia (lack of blood to the brain)

158
Q

venous blockage would cause

A

increase cranial pressure

159
Q

fluid of the spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

160
Q

what makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

neuroglia

tight junctions

161
Q

3 areas of the brain not affected by the BBB

A

pineal gland
pituitary gland
hypothalamus

162
Q

why does the BBB not apply to those 3 areas?

A

the brain has sample the body’s internal environment for body functions controlled by those parts of the brain

163
Q

3 things can easily cross the BBB

A

water
lipid soluble substances
gases (O2 CO2)

164
Q

things that have difficult entry across the BBB

A

proteins
electrolytes
larger molecules (including certain therapeutic drugs)

165
Q

nerves that come out of the bottom of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina (horse’s tail)

166
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A

axons (myelin)

167
Q

area of the spinal cord that contains the CSF

A

central canal

168
Q

gray matter of the cord

A

soma (neuron cell bodies)

169
Q

know anatomical position and terms

A 
anterior
posterior
superior 
inferior
ventral 
dorsal
proximal 
distal
medial
lateral
midline
170
Q

bulging areas of the spinal cord where the peripheral nerves attach

A

“horns”

171
Q

bundles of axons traveling together and serving the same function (pathways transmitting a certain type of information)

A

tracts

172
Q

when a nerve tract crosses over from one side of the body to another at some point in the cord

A

decussation

173
Q

membranes with spaces above and below the brain and membranes that contain structures or fluid

A

meninges

174
Q

potential space above first layer of meninges which has a negative sub-atmospheric pressure

A

epidural space

175
Q

first layer of meninge, including both the periosteum and the inner dura

A

dura matter

176
Q

space below the dura matter containing blood vessels

A

subdural space

177
Q

second layer of meninge

A

arachnoid membrane

178
Q

space that forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles) that contains the CSF

A

subarachnoid space

179
Q

last meninge layer that contains the choroid plexuses that make CSF

A

pia matter

180
Q

PNS neurotransmitters (NTs) that release peripherally at sites of injury and inflammation, stimulated by histamine

A

neuropeptides (amino acid chains)

181
Q

when sensory symptoms are in the body area that corresponds to any destructive processes in vertebrae or the spinal cord at that level of the spinal cord

A

radiculopathy

182
Q

where a neuron synapses with skeletal muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

183
Q

what is the main inhibitory NT in the brain

A

gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)

184
Q

what is the main excitatory NT in the brain

A

glutamate (glutamic acid)

185
Q

NT that uses G-protein receptors called cholinergic

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

186
Q

type of NT that is implicated in the pathogenesis of depression, narcolepsy, psychosis, and ADHD

A

monoamines

187
Q

type of monoamine that affects regions of the pons and brainstem to regulate sleep induction, mood and anxiety

A

serotonin

188
Q

what percentage of the body’s cardiac output is recieved by the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

A

20%

189
Q

three main divisions of the brain

A

forebrain
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain

190
Q

what is the clinical term for the part of the brain that is made up of the midbrain and the hindbrain

A

brainstem

191
Q

another name for midbrain

A

mesencephalon

192
Q

another name for the cerebellum and pons (in hindbrain)

A

metencephalon

193
Q

another name for the medulla (in hindbrain)

A

myelencephalon

194
Q

usual substrate for energy production in cerebral metabolism

A

glucose

195
Q

how long does it take for a loss of blood flow due to lack of oxygen for aerobic respiration to cause a coma

A

5 to 10 seconds

196
Q

name of the two anterior vessels that supply the brain with blood

A

carotid arteries

197
Q

name the two posterior vessels supplying the brain with blood

A

basilar arteries

198
Q

lack of blood flow in a specific artery

A

thrombosis

199
Q

leaking of blood from a vessel

A

hemorrhage

200
Q

________ encompasses a circle around the base of the brain that connects the carotid and basilar arteries

A

Circle of Willis

201
Q

blockage of blood supply to the brain could be on or more of what four things

A

tumor
thrombosis
bleeding
injury

202
Q

arterial blockage would cause _______

A

ischemia (lack of blood to the brain)

203
Q

venous blockage would cause

A

increase cranial pressure

204
Q

fluid of the spinal cord

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

205
Q

what makes up the blood brain barrier (BBB)

A

neuroglia

tight junctions

206
Q

3 areas of the brain not affected by the BBB

A

pineal gland
pituitary gland
hypothalamus

207
Q

why does the BBB not apply to those 3 areas?

A

the brain has sample the body’s internal environment for body functions controlled by those parts of the brain

208
Q

3 things can easily cross the BBB

A

water
lipid soluble substances
gases (O2 CO2)

209
Q

things that have difficult entry across the BBB

A

proteins
electrolytes
larger molecules (including certain therapeutic drugs)

210
Q

nerves that come out of the bottom of the spinal cord

A

cauda equina (horse’s tail)

211
Q

white matter of the spinal cord

A

axons (myelin)

212
Q

area of the spinal cord that contains the CSF

A

central canal

213
Q

gray matter of the cord

A

soma (neuron cell bodies)

214
Q

know anatomical position and terms

A 
anterior
posterior
superior 
inferior
ventral 
dorsal
proximal 
distal
medial
lateral
midline
215
Q

bulging areas of the spinal cord where the peripheral nerves attach

A

“horns”

216
Q

bundles of axons traveling together and serving the same function (pathways transmitting a certain type of information)

A

tracts

217
Q

when a nerve tract crosses over from one side of the body to another at some point in the cord

A

decussation

218
Q

membranes with spaces above and below the brain and membranes that contain structures or fluid

A

meninges

219
Q

potential space above first layer of meninges which has a negative sub-atmospheric pressure

A

epidural space

220
Q

first layer of meninge, including both the periosteum and the inner dura

A

dura matter

221
Q

space below the dura matter containing blood vessels

A

subdural space

222
Q

second layer of meninge

A

arachnoid membrane

223
Q

space that forms the internal cavities of the brain (ventricles) that contains the CSF

A

subarachnoid space

224
Q

last meninge layer that contains the choroid plexuses that make CSF

A

pia matter

225
Q

PNS neurotransmitters (NTs) that release peripherally at sites of injury and inflammation, stimulated by histamine

A

neuropeptides (amino acid chains)

226
Q

when sensory symptoms are in the body area that corresponds to any destructive processes in vertebrae or the spinal cord at that level of the spinal cord

A

radiculopathy

227
Q

where a neuron synapses with skeletal muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

228
Q

5 examples of spinal reflexes (primative) that neonates possess

A 
sucking
palmar grasp
moro 
stepping 
rooting
229
Q

pain that is limited in duration and alerts us to a problem

A

acute pain

230
Q

pain that lasts longer than normal persisting beyond resolution of an underlying disorder or healing of injury

A

chronic pain

231
Q

dull, poorly localized pain occurring in bone, ligaments, tendons, muscle, and fascia

A

somatic pain

232
Q

aching, difficult to lacalize, referred pain that occurs in the body’s internal organs but is localized to another area of the body

A

visceral

233
Q

injury to skin or the skin strutures

A

cutaneous injury

234
Q

injury to the nerves, spinal cord, or brain

A

neuropathic pain

235
Q

fifth vital sign

A

pain rating

236
Q

ABCDE of pain assessment and management

A

Ask about pain regularly
Believe report of pain and relief agents from patient
Choose pain control options appropriately
Deliver interventions
Empower patients as much as possible

237
Q

some examples of pain indications include:

A 
grimacing
guarding, protective behavior of a certain area
vocalizations
body movements
pallor
diaphoresis
pupil dilation
decreased attention span
confusion
238
Q

what is the most common pain scale for adults

A

numeric pain scale (from 1 to 10)

239
Q

what is the most popular pain scale for children

A

Wong-Baker Faces

240
Q

who must have pain assessed by a checklist of non-verbal indicators

A 
neonates
critical care (can't respond)
241
Q

part of the brain that controls the internal environment

A

hypothalamus

242
Q

type of sleep where the sleeper’s eyes can be seen moving beneath partially closed eyelids

A

rapid eye movement (REM)

243
Q

type of sleep where vitals, muscle tone, reflexes, and cerebral blood flow are decreased

A

non-REM (NREM)

244
Q

map of sleep pattern

A

EEG (electroencephalogram)

245
Q

what sleep stages does slow wave sleep (SWS) take place in

A

stages 3 and 4

246
Q

what mental activity occurs during slow wave sleep (SWS)

A

memory consolidation

247
Q

what stage of sleep comprises about 20-25% of total sleep and occurs every 90 minutes after the first 1-2 hours of sleep

A

REM

248
Q

physiological changes occur during REM sleep

A

sexual excitement

loss of voluntary tongue/larynx musculature

249
Q

hour much time per day to newborns typically sleep

A

16-17 hours (mostly REM)

250
Q

group of primary sleep disorders that is a change in normal sleep patterns

A

dyssomnias

251
Q

group of sleep disorders that is something happening during sleep and disrupting it (walking, nightmares…)

A

parasomnia

252
Q

sleep study:

A

polysomnography

253
Q

sudden loss of muscle tone and stability (drop attacks)

A

cataplexy

254
Q

sleep disorder characterized by recurrent sleep attacks that are 10-20 minutes long, with cataplaxy, hallucinations, and sleep paralysis

A

narcolepsy

255
Q

breathing related sleep syndromes

A

sleep apnea syndromes

256
Q

blockage of upper airway during sleep, mostly in the obese

A

obstructive sleep apnea

257
Q

three types of circadian rhythm sleep disorders

A

jet lag
shift work
delayed sleep phase (night owls)

258
Q

three types of childhood parasomnias

A

nightmare disorder
sleep terror disorder
somnabulism

259
Q

sleep disorder where one is awakened from sleep by nightmares, and they are fully awake on arousal

A

nightmare disorder

260
Q

sleep disorder where one is awakened screaming from stage 3 or 4 NREM sleep and they are disoriented and don’t remember why they are screaming

A

sleep terror disorder

261
Q

sleepwalking usually during stage 3 or 4 NREM sleep

A

somnabulism

262
Q

“crib death” possibly due to central or destructive apnea, position during sleep, or immature hindbrain where the brain doesn’t realize that there is elevated CO2

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

263
Q

main assessment scale that exists to evaluate the depth of a coma

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

264
Q

disorder characterized by severe and pervasive impairment in thinking, feeling, language, and the ability to relate to others

A

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

265
Q

seizure disorder

A

epilepsy

266
Q

recording of electrical activity from the brain

A

electro-encephalogram (EEG)

267
Q

two common types of seizures

A

generalized

partial

268
Q

type of seizure that has widespread electrical discharge that affects both sides on the brain (often genetic)

A

generalized

269
Q

type of seizure that has abnormal electrical discharge in only one part of the brain, and can be due to a variety of different causes

A

partial

270
Q

progressive loss of memory and learning with associated behavioral and adaptive deterioration resulting in early death

A

dementia

271
Q

ABC’s of dementia (3 domains of disability)

A

Activity
Behavior
Cognition (memory, language, learning, perception, abstract thinking, judgement )

272
Q

type of dementia that is the most common in the USA: age related, gradual symptoms over time, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloid plaque deposition, loss of cholinergic neurons producing ACh)

A

Alzheimer’s

273
Q

rapidly progressive dementia that is seen alone or with other pathologies

A

Lewy-body dementia

274
Q

dementia usually caused by the same risk factors as in any cardiovascular disease (high bp, high cholesterol, smoking)

A

vascular dementia

275
Q

autosomal dominant genetic illness where a DNA mutation causes a gene to expand more than it is supposed to which ultimately leads to death of neurons and an imbalance in the basal ganglia with overactive dopaminergic pathways

A

Huntington’s Disease

276
Q

familial cause of brain degeneration and coordination difficulties with a resting tremor. (bradykinesia, soft speech, postural instability, abnormal gait, progressive rigidity)

A

Parkinson’s Disease

277
Q

any physiological disruption of brain function that is traumatically induced. involves LOC, retrograde or anterograde amnesia and altered mental state at time of diagnosis

A

traumatic brain injury

278
Q

type of traumatic brain injury that is a brainstem contusion caused by a shaking type injury or trauma involving rotational stresses (shaken baby syndrome, car accident)

A

diffuse axonal injury

279
Q

type of child abuse that is also called acute head trauma that includes any kind of head injury inflicted on a child

A

shaken baby syndrome

280
Q

most common type of stroke in adults that is caused by a blood clot (thrombotic)

A

ischemic

281
Q

type of stroke that is caused by a inter-cranial bleed

A

hemorrhagic

282
Q

what does the stroke acronym “FAST” stand for?

A

Face (uneven or droopy?)
Arm (one hanging down?)
Speech (slurred?)
Time (call 911 NOW)

283
Q

autoimmune attack against the acetylcholine receptors on the skeletal muscle with presentations including affected bulbar muscles, slack facial muscles and neck weakness

A

Myasthenia Gravis

284
Q

most common demylinating disease where a loss of myelin around CNS neurons causes a loss of neurological function and often there is loss of vision in one eye

A

Multiple Sclerosis

285
Q

disease caused by the over-accumulation of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the CNS, causing excito-toxicity of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord. neurons die and there is a loss of lower motor function, and muscle paresis. eventually loses ability to speak, swallow and breath

A

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (aka Lou Gehrig’s Disease)

My Patho/Pharm (7 decks)

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