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Fall 2023 > Patho Test 1 > Flashcards

Patho Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hour glass/steeple, sign due to narrowing of trachea

A

Croup

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2
Q

Appears ad a thumb in epiglottic area

A

Epiglottitis

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3
Q

Spiculated nodule

A

Malignant solitary pulmonary nodule

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4
Q

Widening if mediatinum

A

Anthrax

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5
Q

Ghon complex

A

Tuberculosis

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6
Q

Barrel chest/flattened diaphragms

A

Emphysema

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7
Q

Honeycomb pattern

A

Bronchiectasis

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8
Q

Shaggy heart

A

pneumoconiosis asbestosis

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9
Q

1-2-3- pattern of lymph nodules

A

benign solitary pulmonary nodule

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10
Q

wormain bone

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

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11
Q

interference of blood supply to an organ; deprives cells & tissues of oxygen & nutrients

A

Ischemia

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12
Q

localized area of ischemic necrosis; produced by blocked arterial or venous supply

A

Infarction

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13
Q

abnormal swelling that occurs throughout body

A

Anasarca

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14
Q

gross enlargement of a specific area of the body

A

Elephantiasis

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15
Q

reduction in number of cells in organ/tissue, with corresponding decrease in function

A

Atrophy

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16
Q

increase in size of cells of tissue/organ in response to demand for increase function

A

Hypertrophy

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17
Q

increase in number of cells in tissue/organ

A

Hyperplasia

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18
Q

ungoverned abnormal proliferation of cells

A

Neoplasia

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19
Q

implies rupture of blood vessel

A

Hemorrhage

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20
Q

loss of uniformity of individual cells & architectural orientation

A

Dyplasia

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21
Q

unknown cause

A

Idiopathic

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22
Q

infection acquired in the hospital

A

Nosocomial infection

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23
Q

Defective gene 7 that causes a sodium & chloride imbalance, producing an abnormally thick and sticky mucus from exocrine glands that blocks the airway

A

Cystic fibrosis

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24
Q

One of the most common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn due to a lack of surfactant production that appears as “ground glass” in the lungs on a chest radiograph

A

Hylaine membrane disease

25
Q

Name 3 types of pneumonia and the part of the lung they affect

A

A. Aveolar pneumonia: inflammation/fluid in alveoli replacing air
B. Bronchopneumonia: acute inflammation in walls of bronchioles
C. Interstitial pneumonia: inflammation of walls and lining of alveoli & alveoli septa

26
Q

Occupational disease caused by inhalation of foreign particles that remain in the alveoli permanently causing an inflammation response. Name the 3 types.

A

Pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, anthracosis

27
Q

Infected fluid in the pleural cavity is known as:

A

Empyema

28
Q

The general term used to describe obstruction of the airways leading to a collapsed lung?

A

Atelectasis

29
Q

Explain the body’s initial response to local injury.

A

Inflammation (swelling, redness, heat, pain, loss of function)

30
Q

What’s another name for tuberculous osteomyelitis?

A

Pott’s disease

31
Q

The general term used to describe air that escapes the lung into the pleural space causing the collapse of the lung.

A

Pneumothorax

32
Q

What type of pneumothorax causes mediastinal structures to shift to the unaffected side of the chest cavity due to excessive pressure?

A

Tension pneumothorax

33
Q
  1. What disorder is known as the “brittle bone disease” and how should the radiographer adjust their technique?
A

Osteogenesis imperfecta, decrease technique

34
Q
  1. A(n) ________ cell is associated with bone reabsorption and bone removal.
A

osteoclast

35
Q
  1. What congenital disorder causes a person to have a normal torso but short extremities, a large head with bulging frontal bone, a saddle nose, and jutting jaw?
A

achondroplasia

36
Q
  1. Blood levels with an increased uric acid leading to deposits of crystals in the joints and cartilage is
A

Gout

37
Q
  1. The most common initial site of Paget’s disease is the
A

pelvis

38
Q
  1. How will osteochondroma be demonstrated on a radiograph? Is this condition benign or malignant?
A

grows laterally from the epiphyseal plate and up parallel to the long axis of the bone and radiographically demonstrates a cortex and medullary cavity blending with the original bone; benign

39
Q
  1. What condition causes an elevation of the periosteum at the tumor edge? What causes this to occur?
A

osteogenic sarcoma ; due to new bone formation

40
Q

_______is an idiopathic bone disease that causes normal bone tissue of the medullary cavity destroyed and replaced by fibrous bone tissue. How does this affect the bone? How will this be demonstrated on a radiograph?

A

Fibrous dysplasia, Bone is weak, may bow, easily fractured , Ground glass density; lucency of medullary cavity with dense cortex

41
Q
  1. Which cell is responsible for the building of new bone?
A

osteoblasts

42
Q
  1. Describe the 3 types of spina bifida
A

Spina bifida occulta: vertebrae doesn’t close; spinal cord/meninges still in place
Meningocele: open in vertebrae, meninges protrude out, spinal cord in place
Myelomeningocele: spinal cord & meninges protruding through opening

43
Q
  1. What hereditary bone disorder causes a failure of the osteoclasts and results in an increase in bone tissue density? What must be done to the technical factors?
A

Osteopetrosis; increase

44
Q
  1. Name the 2 types of pulmonary mycosis and their cause.
A

Histoplasmosis (histoplasma capsulatum found in bird droppings) & Coccidioidomycosis (coccidioides immitis spores found in desert soil)

45
Q
  1. What is the most common form of degenerative arthritis and who is most commonly affected?
A

Osteoarthritis; older patients

46
Q
  1. Which form of arthritis is caused by an autoimmune disorder that attacks the synovial membranes of joints? Which gender is more susceptible?
A

Rheumatoid arthritis; women

47
Q
  1. Patient suffers from pleural effusion in the left lung. In addition to a PA and lateral, what radiograph of the chest should be completed?
A

Left lateral decubitus

48
Q
  1. What condition will be demonstrated in a sniff test?
A

Diaphragmatic paralysis

49
Q
  1. What is COPD and what specific conditions are associated?
A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - obstruction of the airways leading to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases; chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma

50
Q
  1. What are the radiographic representation of emphysema? How should your technical factors be adjusted?
A

Flattened diaphragms and barrel chest (over inflation of lungs); decrease kVp 15%

51
Q
  1. How many bones are found in an adult?
A

206

52
Q
  1. Give an example of each type of bone:
A
  • Long Bone
  • Short bone
  • Flat bone
  • Irregular bone
  • Sesmoid bone
53
Q
  1. What is the name of the procedure used to diagnosis congenital hip dysplasia?
A

Ortolani & Barlow tests

54
Q
  1. Where in the bone is red & yellow bone marrow stored and site where red & white blood cells are produced?
A

Medullary cavity

55
Q
  1. List the different types of bone tumors and identify which are benign and malignant
A

Benign: Malignant:
Osteochondroma Osteogenic sarcoma
Enchondroma Chondrosarcoma
Osteoclastoma Ewing Sarcoma
Osteomas Multiple myeloma
Osteoid osteoma Metastases
Simple Bone Cysts
Aneurysmal bone Cysts

56
Q
  1. What is Chiari II Malformation and what congenital disorder is it associated with?
A

Cerebellum is pulled through foramen magnum due to pressure when CSF is leaking from spinal canal; associated with spina bifida
 

57
Q

Tubes & Catheters:
* What are they used for?
* Where are they inserted?
* What is the proper placement?
* Identify the most common mispositioning and the complications that can occur.
* How should you adjust your CR and/or IR location to demonstrate the line (if applicable)?

A

Endotracheal tube:
* Open the airway
* Nose or mouth
* 5-7cm above the carina
* Advanced too far into right main stem bronchus = atelectasis of left lung
* Not advanced far enough = air into esophagus/stomach
Central Venous Catheter (CVC):
* Long term access to venous system to provide medication, fluids, nutrients, or withdraw blood
* Inserted into subclavian vein or periphery vein of arm
* Where brachiocephalic vein joins to form superior vena cava or within superior vena cava
* Into jugular vein = medication not reaching proper location
* Advanced too far into right atrium = cardiac arrhythmias or perforation
* Advanced way too far into hepatic veins = sending toxic substances to liver
Swan Ganz Catheter:
* Detect heart failure or sepsis, monitor therapy, evaluate effects of drugs
* Inserted into rt. Jugular vein or lt. subclavian vein or femoral veins
* Within the borders of mediastinum; within pulmonary artery
* Pulmonary infarction at catheter tip due to occlusion of pulmonary artery
Transvenous Cardiac Pacemaker:
* Maintain cardiac rhythm
* Inserted into subclavian vein into right ventricle
* Apex of right ventricle
* Perforation of myocardium near electrode

58
Q
A

Fall 2023 (4 decks)

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