Patho Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Hour glass/steeple, sign due to narrowing of trachea
A
Croup
2
Q
Appears ad a thumb in epiglottic area
A
Epiglottitis
3
Q
Spiculated nodule
A
Malignant solitary pulmonary nodule
4
Q
Widening if mediatinum
A
Anthrax
5
Q
Ghon complex
A
Tuberculosis
6
Q
Barrel chest/flattened diaphragms
A
Emphysema
7
Q
Honeycomb pattern
A
Bronchiectasis
8
Q
Shaggy heart
A
pneumoconiosis asbestosis
9
Q
1-2-3- pattern of lymph nodules
A
benign solitary pulmonary nodule
10
Q
wormain bone
A
osteogenesis imperfecta
11
Q
interference of blood supply to an organ; deprives cells & tissues of oxygen & nutrients
A
Ischemia
12
Q
localized area of ischemic necrosis; produced by blocked arterial or venous supply
A
Infarction
13
Q
abnormal swelling that occurs throughout body
A
Anasarca
14
Q
gross enlargement of a specific area of the body
A
Elephantiasis
15
Q
reduction in number of cells in organ/tissue, with corresponding decrease in function
A
Atrophy
16
Q
increase in size of cells of tissue/organ in response to demand for increase function
A
Hypertrophy
17
Q
increase in number of cells in tissue/organ
A
Hyperplasia
18
Q
ungoverned abnormal proliferation of cells
A
Neoplasia
19
Q
implies rupture of blood vessel
A
Hemorrhage
20
Q
loss of uniformity of individual cells & architectural orientation
A
Dyplasia
21
Q
unknown cause
A
Idiopathic
22
Q
infection acquired in the hospital
A
Nosocomial infection
23
Q
Defective gene 7 that causes a sodium & chloride imbalance, producing an abnormally thick and sticky mucus from exocrine glands that blocks the airway
A
Cystic fibrosis
24
Q
One of the most common causes of respiratory distress in the newborn due to a lack of surfactant production that appears as “ground glass” in the lungs on a chest radiograph
A
Hylaine membrane disease
25
Name 3 types of pneumonia and the part of the lung they affect
A. Aveolar pneumonia: inflammation/fluid in alveoli replacing air
B. Bronchopneumonia: acute inflammation in walls of bronchioles
C. Interstitial pneumonia: inflammation of walls and lining of alveoli & alveoli septa
26
Occupational disease caused by inhalation of foreign particles that remain in the alveoli permanently causing an inflammation response. Name the 3 types.
Pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, anthracosis
27
Infected fluid in the pleural cavity is known as:
Empyema
28
The general term used to describe obstruction of the airways leading to a collapsed lung?
Atelectasis
29
Explain the body’s initial response to local injury.
Inflammation (swelling, redness, heat, pain, loss of function)
30
What’s another name for tuberculous osteomyelitis?
Pott's disease
31
The general term used to describe air that escapes the lung into the pleural space causing the collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax
32
What type of pneumothorax causes mediastinal structures to shift to the unaffected side of the chest cavity due to excessive pressure?
Tension pneumothorax
33
11. What disorder is known as the “brittle bone disease” and how should the radiographer adjust their technique?
Osteogenesis imperfecta, decrease technique
34
12. A(n) ________ cell is associated with bone reabsorption and bone removal.
osteoclast
35
13. What congenital disorder causes a person to have a normal torso but short extremities, a large head with bulging frontal bone, a saddle nose, and jutting jaw?
achondroplasia
36
14. Blood levels with an increased uric acid leading to deposits of crystals in the joints and cartilage is
Gout
37
15. The most common initial site of Paget’s disease is the
pelvis
38
16. How will osteochondroma be demonstrated on a radiograph? Is this condition benign or malignant?
grows laterally from the epiphyseal plate and up parallel to the long axis of the bone and radiographically demonstrates a cortex and medullary cavity blending with the original bone; benign
39
17. What condition causes an elevation of the periosteum at the tumor edge? What causes this to occur?
osteogenic sarcoma ; due to new bone formation
40
_______is an idiopathic bone disease that causes normal bone tissue of the medullary cavity destroyed and replaced by fibrous bone tissue. How does this affect the bone? How will this be demonstrated on a radiograph?
Fibrous dysplasia, Bone is weak, may bow, easily fractured , Ground glass density; lucency of medullary cavity with dense cortex
41
19. Which cell is responsible for the building of new bone?
osteoblasts
42
20. Describe the 3 types of spina bifida
Spina bifida occulta: vertebrae doesn’t close; spinal cord/meninges still in place
Meningocele: open in vertebrae, meninges protrude out, spinal cord in place
Myelomeningocele: spinal cord & meninges protruding through opening
43
21. What hereditary bone disorder causes a failure of the osteoclasts and results in an increase in bone tissue density? What must be done to the technical factors?
Osteopetrosis; increase
44
22. Name the 2 types of pulmonary mycosis and their cause.
Histoplasmosis (histoplasma capsulatum found in bird droppings) & Coccidioidomycosis (coccidioides immitis spores found in desert soil)
45
23. What is the most common form of degenerative arthritis and who is most commonly affected?
Osteoarthritis; older patients
46
24. Which form of arthritis is caused by an autoimmune disorder that attacks the synovial membranes of joints? Which gender is more susceptible?
Rheumatoid arthritis; women
47
25. Patient suffers from pleural effusion in the left lung. In addition to a PA and lateral, what radiograph of the chest should be completed?
Left lateral decubitus
48
26. What condition will be demonstrated in a sniff test?
Diaphragmatic paralysis
49
27. What is COPD and what specific conditions are associated?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - obstruction of the airways leading to an ineffective exchange of respiratory gases; chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma
50
28. What are the radiographic representation of emphysema? How should your technical factors be adjusted?
Flattened diaphragms and barrel chest (over inflation of lungs); decrease kVp 15%
51
29. How many bones are found in an adult?
206
52
30. Give an example of each type of bone:
* Long Bone
* Short bone
* Flat bone
* Irregular bone
* Sesmoid bone
53
31. What is the name of the procedure used to diagnosis congenital hip dysplasia?
Ortolani & Barlow tests
54
32. Where in the bone is red & yellow bone marrow stored and site where red & white blood cells are produced?
Medullary cavity
55
34. List the different types of bone tumors and identify which are benign and malignant
Benign: Malignant:
Osteochondroma Osteogenic sarcoma
Enchondroma Chondrosarcoma
Osteoclastoma Ewing Sarcoma
Osteomas Multiple myeloma
Osteoid osteoma Metastases
Simple Bone Cysts
Aneurysmal bone Cysts
56
35. What is Chiari II Malformation and what congenital disorder is it associated with?
Cerebellum is pulled through foramen magnum due to pressure when CSF is leaking from spinal canal; associated with spina bifida
57
Tubes & Catheters:
* What are they used for?
* Where are they inserted?
* What is the proper placement?
* Identify the most common mispositioning and the complications that can occur.
* How should you adjust your CR and/or IR location to demonstrate the line (if applicable)?
Endotracheal tube:
* Open the airway
* Nose or mouth
* 5-7cm above the carina
* Advanced too far into right main stem bronchus = atelectasis of left lung
* Not advanced far enough = air into esophagus/stomach
Central Venous Catheter (CVC):
* Long term access to venous system to provide medication, fluids, nutrients, or withdraw blood
* Inserted into subclavian vein or periphery vein of arm
* Where brachiocephalic vein joins to form superior vena cava or within superior vena cava
* Into jugular vein = medication not reaching proper location
* Advanced too far into right atrium = cardiac arrhythmias or perforation
* Advanced way too far into hepatic veins = sending toxic substances to liver
Swan Ganz Catheter:
* Detect heart failure or sepsis, monitor therapy, evaluate effects of drugs
* Inserted into rt. Jugular vein or lt. subclavian vein or femoral veins
* Within the borders of mediastinum; within pulmonary artery
* Pulmonary infarction at catheter tip due to occlusion of pulmonary artery
Transvenous Cardiac Pacemaker:
* Maintain cardiac rhythm
* Inserted into subclavian vein into right ventricle
* Apex of right ventricle
* Perforation of myocardium near electrode
58
