Patho Qs 2 Flashcards by g ram

3 constrictions of the ureter

UPJ, UVJ, where the ureter crosses the iliac vessels

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MCC of hydronephrosis in infants and children

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction, more commonly in the left ureter

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MCC of retroperitoneal fibrosis

Idiopathic (Ormond disease)

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2 complications of retro peritoneal fibrosis

Hydronephrosis and right sided varicocele

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Drug that has been shown to cause retro peritoneal fibrosis

Methysergide (ergot derivative)

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MC site if varicocele? Left or right?

Left

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Nests of urothelium or inbudding of the surface epithelium found in the mucosa lamina of the urinary bladder

Brunn nests

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Malignancy associated with PSC?

Cholangiocarcinoma

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Histopathologic hallmark of PSC?

Onion skin fibrosis

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Developmental failure in the anterior wall of the abdomen and bladder

Bladder extrophy

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MC serious bladder anomaly

Vesicoureteral reflux

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Failure of obliteration of fetal allantois

Patent urachus

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Clinical presentation of patent urachus

Drainage of urine from the umbilicus in newborns

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MCC of bladder adenocarcinoma

Patent urachus

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Umbilical arteries become the?

Medial umbilical ligament

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Umbilical vein becomes?

Ligamentum teres hepatic

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MC organisms involved in acute cystitis

Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter, Proteus

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Suppurative neutrophilic infiltration, hyperemic bladder with exudation

Acute cystitis

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Another name for Hunner Ulcer

Chronic Pelvic Pain syndrome/ Interstitial Cystitis

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Glomerulations in bladder mucosa with chronic mucosal ulcers and mast cell infiltration

Interstitial cystitis/ Hunner Ulcer

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Chronic E. coli infection that shows soft, yellow, raised mucosal plaques with Michaelis Gutmann bodies

Malakoplakia - specific to the bladder

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Majority of bladder cancers are of what origin?

Epithelial (95%)

Mesenchymal (5%)

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MC type of bladder rumors

Urothelial carcinoma - 90%

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MC precursor lesion of bladder cancer

Non-invasive papillary tumors

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Most important risk factor in bladder CA

Smoking

Urothelial CA - more common in males or females?

Males

Role of BCG in bladder CA

For recurrence prevention - topical immunotherapy by intravesicle installation of BCG

Triad of Reiter syndrome

Arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis

Fibromatosis of Buck's fascia

Peyronie disease

What fails to close in hypo and epispadias?

Male urogenital folds

Orifice of the prepuce too small to permit normal retraction

Phimosis

Bell clapper deformity

Testicular toraion

MC germ cell tumor

Seminoma

Female counterpart of seminoma

Dysgerminoma

Testicular tumor: large polyhedral, distinct cell membrane, clear cytoplasm and a large central nucleus

Seminoma

Schiller-Duval bodies

Yolk sac tumors

YST tumor markers

AFP, alpha-1 antitrypsin

Tumor marker of Choriocarcinoma

b-HCG

Helter-Skelter collection of differentiated cells or organoid structures

Teratoma

First area of lymphatic spread of testicular tumors

Para-aortic > mediastinal > supraclavicular

Hematogenous spread of testicular tumors

Lungs > liver, brain, bones

Rod shaped crystaloids of Reinke

Leydig cell tumor

MC form of testicular neoplasm in men over 60 years old

Testicular lymphoma

Recurrent UTI with boggy prostate on PE

Chronic prostatitis

Hallmark finding in BPH

Nodular hyperplasia

When to start screening for prostate CA?

Low risk: > 50 yo | High risk: > 40 yo

Most common variant of prostate adenocarcinoma

Acinar variant (70%)

Normal PSA

NV: < 4 ng/ml

Greenish opaque membranes with dense band-like exudates on amniotic surface

Chorioamnionitis

Brown tumor

Hyperparathyroidism

Railroad track appearance of cancellous bone

Hyperparathyroidism

Platybasia

Paget diaeaae

Leontiasis ossea

Paget disease

Erlenmeyer flask deformity

Osteopetrosis

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

Osteonecrosis

MC location of osteosarcoma

Metaphysis of long bones (50% around the knee)

Chicken wire pattern of mineralization

Chondroblastoma

MCC of SIADH

Small cell CA of the lung

What causes the mental status dysfunction in patients with SIADH?

Cerebral edema

Treatment for SIADH

Water restriction If symptomatic, correct H2O deficit first before H2O restriction

MCC of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Renal failure

MC primary hypercoagulable state

Factor V Leiden mutation

MCC of fever 24-36 hours post-op

Resorption/ Obstruction atelectasis Fever, absent tactile fremiti, dullness to percussion, IPSILATERAL tracheal deviation

Deficiency in alpha-1 anti-trypsin will cause what kind of emphysema?

Panacinar emphysema From respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Smoking leads to what kind of emphysema

Centroacinar emphysema Includes respiratory bronchioles and upper lobes

Criteria for chronic bronchitis

Persistent cough with sputum for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years in the absence of any identifiable cause

Putative mediators of the acute asthma attack (cause the attack)

Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4 (SRSA) and Ach

Scene of the crime mediators of the acute asthma attack

Histamine, PGD2, platelet aggregating factor

Permanent diltation of bronchi and bronchioles

Bronchiecstasis

MCC of clinical pyelonephritis

Ascending infection

What condition presents with anemia out of proportion to the renal insufficiency

Analgesic Nephropathy

Positively birefringent needle-like crystals

Urate Nephropathy

Saturnine gout

Lead poisoning that leads to gout

MCC of renal disease in patients with essential hypertension

Benign nephrosclerosis

MC type of renal stone

Calcium oxalate (adults/ oldies), calcium phosphate (pedia) stones

Coffin lid appearance

Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones

Only radioluscent stone

Uric acid stones (the rest are radio opaque)

MC type of renal cell CA

Clear cell carcinoma (70-90%) - chromosome 3 affected

Pole most commonly involved in renal cell CA

Upper pole

Pole most commonly involved in Horseshoe kidney

Lower pole

Respiratory infections in patients with Cystic Fibrosis is commonly due to what organism?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Most common finding in SIDS

Multiple petechiae

MC tumors of infancy

Hemangiomas Spontaneously regress within 1 year

MC form of teratoma in childhood

Sacrococcygeal teratomas

Tumors of the sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla

Neuroblastoma

MC extra cranial solid tumor of childhood

Neuroblastoma

N-myc oncogene

Neuroblastoma

c-myc oncogene

Burkitt lymphoma

Triphasic combination of blastemal, stromal and epithelial cell types

Wilm's tumor

Milk and roses complexion

Arsenic poisoning

Pathogenesis of malignant hyperthermia

Nitrosylation of ryanodine receptor type 1 (RYR1) DOC: dantrolene

Spike and wave vs spike and dome

Spike and wave: EEG finding in absence seizure, tx: ethosuximide Spike and dome: Seen in EM of MGN

1972 vs 1973

1972: vit k dependent clotting factors 1973: roots of the PNS

Glisson's capsule vs Gerota's capsule

Glisson's: liver Gerota's: kidneys