Patho Phys Ch 6 Flashcards
Actin
Thin myofilaments mostly protein
Agonist muscle
Muscle that causes other muscles to move
Antagonist muscle
Muscle that inhibits certain movements & returns it to its original resting position by opposing the muscle
Bone mass density (BMD)
X ray test that measures amount of minerals (calcium) in the bone
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle found only in the heart
Compact bone
Hard, dense and tightly compact bone that covers the outer layer of bone
Contractility
Ability of muscle to shorten or contact
Dual energy X-ray absorptioment (DXA)
X-ray test that measures the amount of minerals (calcium) in bone
Elasticity
Muscles ability to return back to original length after contracting
Electromyography (EMG)
Test used to examine muscles disorder by inserting a needle in the patient’s muscle and recording electrical activity
Endomysium
Sheath of connective tissue around myofibrils
Excitability
Ability to respond to certain stimuli like electrical signals
Extensibility
Ability of muscle to be stretched
Flat bones
Bone that has a plate like structure
Involuntary muscle
Muscle that moves without conscious effort
Irregular bones
Bones that are in many different shapes and sizes
Long bones
Bones that are longer than they are wide
Myofibrils
Tiny strands of muscle fiber that makes up muscle
Myopathy
General term for muscle disease
Myosin
Thick myofilaments of protein
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells in the area surrounding the blood vessels in the bone
Osteomyelitis
Holes found in compact bone tissue
Primary mover muscle
Main muscle causing movement
Sarcomeres
Protein threads of small contractile units of striated muscle
Short bones
Bones that are cube like because they are similar in width and length
Skeletal muscles
Voluntary muscle fiber that looks like striated long cylinder like strands and attached to bones
Smooth muscle (visceral muscle)
Involuntary muscle found in the lining of hollow organs like intestines
Spongy bone
Porous sponge like bone
Synergistic muscle
Move to help assist the primary muscle’s movement
Trabeculae
Irregular holes that come from the bars and plates that make up the bones spongy appearance
Voluntary
Muscles that require conscious effort to move
Z lines
Myofilaments striations (dark bands) repeated throughout the muscle.
Smooth muscle
Involuntary muscle found within the lining of hollow organs such as the intestines and blood vessels and airways.
Primary mover
Main muscle causing movement
Synergy
Move to help assist the primary muscle’s movement
Adhesive capsulitis
known as a frozen shoulder, the shoulder becomes stiff and painful to move due to the lack of movement over time.
Bursitis
Inflammation of the fluid-filled sac found in joints.
Carpel tunnel syndrome
Inflammation pressing on wrists from strenuous pressing on the median nerve in the wrists from strenuous or repeated movemen
Cruciate ligament tear
Tear in the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) or PCL (posterior cruciate ligament).
Dislocation
Total or complete seperation of a bone from a joint
Eversion
Ankle has moved or rolled outward
Herniated nucleus pulposus
Herniated vertebral disc
Inversion
Ankle turned inwards
Meniscal tear
Tear in the semi-lunar pads in the knees that are a cushion between the femur and the tibia.
Muscle strain
A pulled muscle
Plantar fascitis
Condition of pain and inflammation occurring from small tears in the plantar fascia ligament from activities causing repeated pressure on the bottom of the foot such as running or walking long distances.
Sprain
Complete or partial damage done to the ligaments such as tearing or stretching.
Subluxation
A partially separated bone from a joint injury.
Tendonitis
Inflammation of the tendon
Torn rotator cuff
Stress injury in which a tear occurs in a tendon within a collection of muscles that hold the head of the humerus into the shoulder socket.
Dislocation
Total or complete separation of a bone from a joint.
Avulsion fracture
:Fracture causing a small bone fragment to separate from the bone where the tendon or ligament is attached.
Closed reduction
Required when fracture does not require a surgery and needs only a cast to fixate the fracture.
Colles’ and Pott’s Fracture
fracture at the end of the radius of a bone, usually wrist and feet injuries
Comminuted fracture
Fracture in which the bone breaks into two halves with many bone fragments at the site of the break.
Complete fracture
Fracture that goes completely through the bone
Compression fraction
Collapsing of the vertebrae in the spinal column.
Displaced fracture
Bone fragments are not in the original correct position.
Extracapsular fracture
Break that occurs in the outside of the joint capsule
Femoral neck fracture
Crack in the neck of the femur near the hip joint
Green stick fracture
Classification of bone fracture in which one side of the bone breaks while the other side is bent, just as if it were a green tree limb.
Hairline fracture
Very thin fracture line that resembles a strand of hair on an X-ray.
Impacted fracture
Bone fracture that is forced into the end of another bone.
Incomplete fracture
Break that does not completely separate the bone.
Term:Intertrochanteric fracture
Fracture in the trochanter of the femur.
Intracapsular fracture
Fracture occurring inside the joint of the capsule
Kyphosis
Hump back curve of the spin
Longitudinal fracture
Vertical Crack that goes the length of the bone
Lordosis
Anteroposterior curve to the spine
Oblique fracture
Transverse pattern of bone fracture
Open fracture
Broken bone that goes through the skin on the injury
Open reduction
Fracture requiring surgical correction such as the insertion of pins, screws, plates, and rods.
Osteomalacia
Softening of the bones
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the bone from bacterial infection
Osteoporosis
Condition causing gradual decrease in bone density, causing the bones to become porous
Satellite fracture
Cracks in bone that appear like star shaped pattern
Scoliosis
Condition where spine appears to be in an S-shape from the lateral or sideways curvature of the spine.
Simple fracture
Bone fracture that doesn’t break through the skin
Spiral fracture
Crack that twists around a bone
Subcapital fracture
A break in the femur at the proximal end of the bone
Transverse fracture
Horizontal lines spanning across a bone at a 90-degree angle.
Simple
Bone fracture that does not break through the skin
Arthritis
Inflammation in a joint
Gout
Condition of build-up of uric acid in the blood causing pin like crystals to develop.
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Common autoimmune condition that is known to attack the lining of joints.
Systemic lupus Erythematosus
Chronic autoimmune disease where the body mistakes tissue such as joints, kidneys, skin, and other organs as a foreign invader.
Temporo mandibular dysfunction
Inflamed disk like joints in the jaw
Acetylcholine (AcH)
Neurotransmitters parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system at the preganglionic sites and only the postganglionic sites of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Acetylcholinesterase
Deactivates acetylcholine
Astrocytes
Cells that keep blood vessels and neurons close together.
Autonomic system
Controls function automatically
Axon
Long fiber-like structure of a nerve cell stemming from the cell body.
Axon terminal
The end of an axon
Central nerve system
Consists of the Brain and spinal cord
Dedrites
Branch-like structures that receive information from other nerve cells or environments and transmits the signals to the body.
Ependymal
Nerve support cells that act as epithelial cells by covering the surfaces of cavities.
Microglia
Neural support cells that attack microbes and remove any debris.
Myelin sheath
Soft, fatty, white covering for certain nerve fibers or axons.
:Neuroglia
Cells that support and protect structures in the nervous system.
Neurons
Nerve cell that transmits impulses.
Oligodendrocytes
Cells that hold nerve fibers together and also make up the fatty or lipid covering known as myeli
Peripheral nervous system
All nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
Somatic system
Controls voluntary muscles
Synapse
The gap or space between the axon terminal and another cell.
Central nervous system
Consists of the brain and spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
All of the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Muscular Dystrophy (MD
Disease caused by a defective gene resulting in the degeneration of the affected tissue.
Plasmapheresis
Procedure used to remove antibodies from the patient’s bloodstream.
:Tetanus
Also known as lockjaw; life-threatening condition caused byClostridium tetanibacteria
