Patho Exam #2 Review Flashcards
dWhat are the paired bones of the neurocranium?
Parietal bone and the temporal bone
What are the unpaired bones of the neurocranium?
Frontal bone, sphenoid bone, occipital bone and the ethmoid bone
What are the paired bones of the viscerocranium?
Maxilla bone, zygomatic bone, palatine bone, lacrimal bone and the nasal bone
What are the unpaired bones of the viscerocranium?
Mandible and the Vomer bone.
How many total bones make up the skull (cranium) of the axial skeleton?
22
What is the suture that separates the frontal bone from the parietal bones?
The Coronal Suture
What suture line separates the right and left parietal bones?
The Sagittal suture
What suture line separates the occipital bone of the skull from the parietal bones?
The Lambdoid suture
What other bones does the Lambdoid suture line separate the Occipital bone from?
The left and right temporal bones
What is the bone that is filled with air that conducts sound impulses from the outer ear to the inner ear. It is also part of the Temporal bone?
The Mastoid Process
What paired bone does the first vertebrae (Atlas) of the vertebral column articulate with?
The Occipital condyles
What large bone of the skull forms the tops of the eye orbits?
The Frontal bone
What is the name of the suture line that separates the Temporal bone from the Parietal bone?
Squamous suture
What is the name of the condyle in which the mandible articulates with the Temporal bone?
The Mandibular Condyle
The Zygomatic arch is part of what bone?
The Temporal bone
The proper name of the jawbone is what?
The mandible
What is the name of the bone that is superior to the mandible located between the oral cavity and the nares?
The Maxilla
What does the description of the word foramen?
Its an opening
What is a fissure of a bone?
A fairly wide separation between bones
How does a canal differ from a foramen or a fissure?
They are an elongated area in which something passes through.
What part of the eye orbit does the Frontal bone contribute?
The roof of the orbit
What part of the eye orbit does the Sphenoid bone contribute?
Part of the roof and the lateral wall
What two parts of the orbit of the eye does the Zygomatic bone contribute?
Part of the roof and the lateral wall
What bone makes up the floor of the eye orbit?
The Maxilla
What three bones compose the medial wall of the eye orbit?
The Lacrimal, Ethmoid and Palatine bones
What part of the eye orbit does the Frontal bone contribute?
The roof of the orbit
What part of the eye orbit does the Sphenoid bone contribute?
Part of the roof and the lateral wall
What two parts of the orbit of the eye does the Zygomatic bone contribute?
Part of the roof and the lateral wall
What bone makes up the floor of the eye orbit?
The Maxilla
What three bones compose the medial wall of the eye orbit?
The Lacrimal, Ethmoid and Palatine bones
Is the Infraorbital Foramen in the eye orbit?
No it is located below the orbit as part of the Mandible
What is the name of the structures of the frontal bone that holds the inferior parts of the frontal lobes of the brain?
Left and Right Anterior Cranial Fossa
What is the importance of the Crista galli?
The dura mater that surrounds the brain attaches to the Crista galli which helps to hold the brain in place
What bone is the Critsa Galli part of?
The Ethmoid bone
What does the name Crista galli mean?
Cocks Comb
The optic foramen is located within what unpaired bone of the skull?
Within the Lesser Wing of the Sphenoid Bone
What is the name of the structure in which the anterior posterior pituitary glands sit?
Sella turcica
What is the meaning of the name Sella turcica?
Turkish saddle
What bone is the Sella turcica part of?
The greater wing of the Sphenoid bone
What is the only part of the pituitary gland that is not surrounded by bone?
The most superior aspect-→if the pituitary enlarges its only option is to grow up and out of Sella turcica into the space that optic nerves lie.
Due to the anatomy, what deficit is created if the pituitary gland enlarges?
Visual field deficit due to its impeding upon the optic nerves on the Sella turcica’s superior aspect
What two areas make up the unpaired Sphenoid bone?
Greater and Lesser Wing of the Sphenoid
Where do the inferior parts of the temporal lobes of the brain sit?
Middle Cranial Fossa right and left
What is the opening that cranial nerve 8 passes through?
Internal acoustic meatus
Where does the superior part of the spinal cord junction with the inferior part of the brain stem?
Foramen magnum-→junction between spinal cord and brain stem
What is the largest opening of the skull?
Foramen magnum
What does the inferior parts of the occipital lobes of the brain sit in?
Posterior cranial fossa
The Frontal sinuses are ____ - filled.
air
what is the inferior perspective of the skull?
From the bottom
What articulates with the Occipital condyle?
C1 atlas
In adults the Foramen lacerum is…
Filled with cartilage
In what bone is the Carotid canal found?
Temporal
What passes through the carotid canal?
Internal carotid artery and Sympathetic nerve plexus
In what bone is the External auditory meatus found?
Temporal bone
What passes through the External auditory meatus?
Sound waves to the eardrum
In what bone is the Internal auditory meatus found?
Temporal bone
What passes through the Internal auditory meatus?
CN VII (facial exits) and CN VIII (auditory)
Between what two bones is the Jugular foramen found?
Between the temporal and occipital bones
What structures pass through the Jugular foramen?
Internal jugular vein (most venous blood from brain to right side of the heart), CN IX (glossopharyngeal, CN X (vagus), CN XI (spinal accessory)
In what bone is the Optic foramen located?
Sphenoid bone
What structures pass through the Optic foramen?
CN II (optic) and the Ophthalmic artery (major artery that perfuse eyeball
In what bone are the Superior orbital fissures located?
Sphenoid
What structures pass through the Superior orbital fissures?
CN III (oculomotor), CN IV (trochlear), CN V (trigeminal ophthalmic division), CN VI (abducens), Ophthalmic veins
What bone does the Foramen magnum pass through?
Occipital bone
What structures pass through the Occipital bone via the Foramen magnum?
Spinal cord/inferior medulla oblongata, CN XI (spinal accessory), Vertebral arteries (pass upwards…also passes blood to brain)
What separates the right and left hemisphere of the brain?
Longitudinal fissure
What is a fissure?
A wide and deep separation between anatomical structures
What is the Longitudinal fissure?
It runs the entire length of the brain separating the right and left hemispheres
What separates the Parietal lobe from the Frontal lobe?
The Central sulcus
What is a sulcus?
an indentation of the surface of the brain
What are gyri(gyrus)?
Up foldings on the surface of the brain
Where is the Pre central gyrus located?
Located in the Frontal lobe, it is anterior to the Central sulcus
Where is the Post central gyrus located?
Located in the Parietal lobe, it is posterior to the Central sulcus
What is the specific anatomical separation between the Parietal and the Occipital lobes of the brain?
There is no specific anatomical separation. The division is based on function.
What is the Lateral fissure of the brain?
The Lateral fissure separates the Temporal lobe from all of the Frontal lobe and most of the Parietal lobes of the brain
What is the Corpus callosum?
Located in the middle of the brain, consist of axons of tracks from one cerebral hemisphere to the other cerebral hemisphere, it connects the right and left hemispheres
What is the Corpus callosum function?
Allows the right and left brain a connection so each hemisphere knows what the other hemisphere is doing. If severed the right and left sides of the brain/body do know communicate with the other side.
What is the largest component of the Diencephalon?
Thalamus
What are the 4 components of the Diencephalon?
Thalamus
Hypthalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus
Where is the Optic chasm located and what is it associated with?
It is located right below the hypothalamus and right above the pituitary gland It is associated with CN#2-the optic nerve
What happens if the pituitary gland becomes enlarged?
The pituitary gland which is surrounded on 3 sides by the bones of the Sellica turcia if it becomes enlarged has no other place to go but to push up on the optic chasm causing visual disturbances
What separates the right and left cerebrum hemispheres?
Longitudinal fissure
Where is the precentral gyrus located?
Precentral gyrus:located anteriorly to the Central sulcus, in the Frontal lobe.
v aka,PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
Where is the postcentral gyrus located?
Postcentral gyrus: located posteriorly to the Central sulcus, in the Parietal lobe.
v aka, the PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX
Inward foldings of brain tissue is called?
Inward foldings = sulcus (singular), sulci (plural)
Outward foldings of brain tissue is called?
Gyrus (Gyri – plural): the upfoldings on the surface of the brain.
What is the function of the prefrontal lobe of the frontal lobe?
Its the area of the brain that is responsible for PERSONALITY (creative talents, abstract reasoning talents, mathematical talents, and our “ARTSY-FARTSY talents.
If someone loses their function of the prefrontal lobes, they lose their personality and all the above
What is associated with the Premotor area of the frontal lobe?
Broca’s premotor speech area (left frontal lobe in most people)
What is the function of the Precentral gyrus(primary motor cortex)?
origin of many upper motor neurons for lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts for conscious muscular movements
MOTOR HOMUNCULUS:the larger the body part or area, the more muscles that have to carry out very carefully synchronized function
List the areas of the body from lateral to medial that are associated with the primary motor cortex and the motor humonculus.
pharynx, tongue,face,lips/jaw, eye lid/eyeball, neck,thumb,finger,hand,wrist,forearm, elbow, arm, shoulder, trunk, hip, knee, ankle, toes
List the areas of the body from lateral to medial that are associated with the primary sensory cortex and the sensory humonculus.
intra abdominal, pharynx, tongue, lips, teeth, gums, jaw, face, nose, eyes, thumb, finger, hand, wrist, forearm, elbow, arm, shoulder, hand, neck, trunk, hip, leg, foot, toes, genitals
What is the function of the Postcentral gyrus?
primary somatic(sensory) cortex -termination
of tertiary neurons for most sensory pathways (except visual and
auditory); conscious interpretation and localization of stimuli on surface
of body
What is the function of the Sensory Association Area?
Sensations are recived from the primary sensory cortex, Sensory association area prepare that sensation with previous experience
with the SAME SENSATION AND begins to determine the
relative significance of the sensation and what the brain and the body need to do about those sensations
The percentile gyrus on the left side receives sensations from where?
from the right side of the body…because ascending sensory pathways cross over
What pathways cross over at the decussation of pyramids of the medulla?
descending motor pathways….NOT sensory pathways
Where is the nuclei of origin for CN#9?
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Where is the nuclei of origin for CN#10?
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Where is the nuclei of origin for CN#11
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Where is the nuclei of origin for CN#12?
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Where is the nuclei of origin for CN#5?
The Pons