Patho Exam 2 Flashcards
which immunoglobulin protects mucous membranes of genitourinary, gastrointestinal & pulmonary systems. Activity not related to infection; has protective & preventative role. (location: breast milk, tears, sweat, saliva)
IgA
which immunoglobulin binds antigens to B cells. Binds to basophils and mast cells in hypersensitivity reactions. Early stage, when antigen has first entered the body. (location: attached to surface of B cells, in skin, digestive, respiratory tracts)
IgD
which immunoglobulin is abundant in skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract. active in allergic reactions; binds to mast cells & basophils to release histamine & leukotrienes. Not related to infection, found in persons with allergies. (location: found on mast cells in pulmonary & gastrointestinal tracts) (pollen, dust, animal dander)
IgE
which immunoglobulin initiates complement activity & further immune responses, early infection, RESPONDS FIRST (shows recent/current infection) in infection (location: throughout blood stream) also called macroglobulin due to large size.
IgM
which immunoglobulin activates complement to release inflammatory & bactericidal mediators, confers long-term immunity, active against viruses, bacteria, antitoxins; moves across maternal-fetal barrier. SECONDARY RESPONDER in infection (shows previous exposure)! Late disease, recovery, & long term after, most abundant in bloodstream, most important antipathogenic immunoglobulin in infections & commonly involved in autoimmune disease
IgG
what allows the body to recognize an antigen, target antigen, limit its response to that antigen & develops memory for the antigen for future reference. Its system’s ability to recognize & remember specific antigens is called specificity. Distinguishes self from non self. 2 types of this - humoral and cell mediated
adaptive immunity
type of adaptive immunity that is associated with B cells that mature within bone marrow
humoral adaptive immunity
type of adaptive immunity that is associated with T cells that mature within thymus gland
cell-mediated adaptive immunity
type of immunity that is obtained through exposure to an antigen or through a vaccination that provides immunization. LONGER LASTING.
active acquired immunity
type of immunity where an individual is given premade, fully formed antibodies against an antigen. Pt is a passive recipient of the antibodies, & their body does not have to perform the actions needed to develop immunity. Provides immediate immunity, but short term.
passive acquired immunity
what type of immunity is when an infant is breastfed & receives fully formed maternally produced antibodies in breast milk OR pt has hep B infection so family member gets administration of HBIg against hep b … short term immunity!
passive acquired immunity
what type of immunity is after a child contracts measles infection, the child develops this type of immunity? The child’s body has to process the antigen & develop B cells & plasma cells that secrete Igs while enduring the disease. The child develops all symptoms of disease but at the same time develops significant Igs for life. OR child can develop active acquired immunity by receiving measles vaccine.. long lasting!
Active acquired immunity
bacterium that causes many different infections. Gram positive. Has capsules that resist WBC phagocytosis & secrete substances that degrade tissue membranes. Streptococci can also release an exotoxin that can cause fever and rash.
GABHS (Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus)
these work hand in hand with macrophages to destroy foreign invaders and self
major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)
every human has these surface antigens which are also called human leukocyte antigens. These give the ability to distinguish self from non-self & come into play for autoimmune disorders to recognize foreign invaders & get rid of them which can also destroy self.
major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)
these are found in the innate division, the first line of defense against foreign invaders or antigens. They engulf, ingest, & break down foreign matter such as bacteria, pollen, viruses, fungi that enter the body.
macrophages
these consist of either viral or bacterial components. They can be live or or inactivated.
vaccines
what type of vaccine has the potential, although rare, to mutate into disease-causing strain?
live virus vaccines
what type of vaccine should immunocompromised people never get?
live virus vaccines! because could mutate into disease causing strain
an illness caused by a pathogen that takes advantage of the lack of immune defenses within the host
opportunistic infection
3 stages of HIV
acute HIV infection, chronic HIV infection, AIDS
who is at greater risk for HIV?
African Americans, gay/bisexual men, IV drug users
what happens with HIV is left untreated?
it can advance to AIDS
what shows progression in HIV?
depletion of CD4 T cells.