Final Exam Patho Flashcards
what are the types of cell adaptation and give examples
- Atrophy- declining, cells revert to smaller size (ex: muscle atrophy/paralysis (low nerve simulation)/low nutrition/ischemia/ aging
- Hypertrophy- increasing in size (ex: hypertension= overused big heart/ weightlifting/ fever)
- dysplasia- disordered cell, deranged cell growth, functions differently, not the true adaptation of cell, abnormal change (ex: cervical cancer- change of cells in cervix)
- hyperplasia- increase in number of cells (breast tissue w/ pregnancy, keloid scar, BPH aka benign prosthetic hyperplasia)
- metaplasia - cells look different, one cell changes to another (Ex: Barrett’s esophagus/ GERD)
- neoplasia- new growth, lack adhesion to other cells, lack normal function (Ex: cancer - any time cells undergo mitosis = risk for cancer)
type of cell adaptation that is declining, cells revert to smaller size (ex: muscle atrophy/paralysis (low nerve simulation)/low nutrition/ischemia/ aging
atrophy
type of cell adaptation that is increasing in size (ex: hypertension= overused big heart/ weightlifting/ fever)
hypertrophy
type of cell adaptation that is disordered cell, deranged cell growth, functions differently, not the true adaptation of cell, abnormal change (ex: cervical cancer- change of cells in cervix)
dysplasia
type of cell adaptation that is the increase in number of cells (breast tissue w/ pregnancy, keloid scar, BPH aka benign prosthetic hyperplasia)
hyperplasia
type of cell adaptation where cells look different, one cell changes to another / replaced by another (Ex: Barrett’s esophagus/ GERD)
metaplasia
type of cell adaptation that is new growth (tumor), lack adhesion to other cells, lack normal function (Ex: cancer - any time cells undergo mitosis = risk for cancer)
neoplasia
type of cell injury that is reactive oxidative stress, antioxidants fight them off
(ex: uncontrolled diabetes- high glucose conc. , uncontrolled hypertension- high bp)
**all cause high O2 consumption
fever, cancer, radiation also can cause these!
examples of disorders that are associated with this type of cell injury included Alzheimers, atherosclerotic heart disease, cataracts, cancer, emphysema, aging
free radical
what is a free radical & what can protect against them?
it is a harmful agent.
antioxidants (vitamins such as A, E, C and minerals such as copper, zinc, selenium) protect against them!
antioxidants neutralize free radicals aka a harmful agent
type of cell death that is genetically programmed cell death, eliminates unwanted cells….. cells that resist this can give rise to cancer (ex: hashimoto’s causes gradual failure of thyroid gland bc of increased apoptotic cell death)
apoptosis
type of cell death that is caused by injury, it is a “messy” process of cell death, due to stressors or insults that overwhelm their ability to survive, irreversible, due to lack of oxygen. Brain liquifies (bacterial meningitis cross through blood brain barrier), lung tissue destroyed by TB becomes dense & cheese like, gangrene (fatal unless surgical debridement, amputation, antibiotics…EX of gangrene= clostridium perfringens which emits gas odor, anaerobic bacteria)
necrosis
trait expressed only when inheriting defective gene from BOTH parents, individual is homozygous for the abnormal gene, 25% chance that the offspring will be affected by the disease, 50% they will be a carrier… both parents have to be carriers (Ex: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell)
autosomal recessive
trait expressed whenever the gene is present from EITHER parent, any child who inherits the trait will develop this disease, 50% chance offspring will be affected (Huntington Disease or Marfan Syndrome aka tall or NF or Familial hypercholesterolemia)
autosomal dominant
trait that is expressed in any male that carries the affected gene. males are affects, females are carries! (Ex: klinefelters aka men have extra X, turner’s syndrome aka women missing an X)
X (sex) linked
type of cell injury that includes down syndrome, turner’s disease
genetic defects
monosomy of the sex chromosome, girl who has only 1 X chromosome, webbed beck, shield like chest with underdeveloped breasts, widely spaced nipples, imperfectly developed ovaries, hypothyroidism, short stature, female genitalia
Turner’s Syndrome
most common chromosomal disorder, intellectual disability, caused by trisomy 21
S&S: cognitive impairment, dysmorphic facial features, heart defects
Down syndrome
aka Martin Bell syndrome, most common cause of inherited cognitive impairment and second most common cause of genetically associated mental disabilities after trisomy 21.
S&S: autistic like behavior- flapping hands no eye contact, shyness, sensory integration difficulties, attention deficit, depressed affect, anxiety, learning disabilities, aggressive tendencies, mental delays, decreasing IQ with age
fragile X syndrome
one of most common male chromosomal genetic disorders, an extra X
S&S: physical & cognitive abnormalities. Lack of development of tests, gynecomastia (breast development), skeletal and cardiovascular abnormalities, lack of hair, decreased muscle mass, emotional issues/lack of learning disabilities that resembles autism, low bone density, difficult fertility/ED issues
Klinefelter syndrome
symptoms of systemic infection aka in the bloodstream
stage 3 (last) of acute inflammation that has symptoms including fever, pain, general malaise, lymphadenopathy, anorexia, sleepiness, lethargy, anemia, weight loss
symptoms of localized infection aka only one body part or organ is affected
Acute localized inflammation = pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function
shift to the left WBC
bacterial, acute inflammatory process is occurring. Neutrophils & bands will be above normal range
shift to the right WBC
viral
what are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation
- Rubor (Red)
- Dolor (pain)
- Calor (heat)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Loss of function