Patho Exam 1 Flashcards
CONTROL CENTER of the cell, contains GENETIC INFORMATION
Nucleus
phospholipid BILAYER made of fatty acids tails on inside & water-soluble heads on the outer
plasma membrane
assembles RIBOSOMES
nucleolus
PROTEIN factory, builds proteins out of amino acids which are the building blocks
ribosome
“HOUSEKEEPER”, gets rid of wastes & breaks down cells & substances
lysosomes
-“POWERHOUSE” of the cell
-converts organic nutrients into cell energy (makes ATP)
-aerobic
-get it from your mother
mitochondria
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, houses ribosomes, like a maze
endoplasmic membrane
PROTEIN synthesis from attached RIBOSOMES
rough ER
produce LIPIDS, FAT transportation & SEX HORMONES
smooth ER
they release long/stiff fibers called microtubules that split the cell apart during cell division
centriole
“DETOXIFIES” products in cell by oxidation/ produces TOXINS to NEUTRALIZE free radicals
peroxisomes
“POST OFFICE” can synthesize large carbs/ PACKS PROTEINS & LIPIDS, like insulin, for later secretion through vesicles
Gold Apparatus
what type of substances can pass more easily across a cell membrane?
LIPID soluble substances (not water soluble substances!)
how does cell communication occur?
receptors act like LOCKS & KEYS
-things that act w/ these receptors are hormones, meds, neurotransmitters
-protein channels let things in/out
What happens in oxidation which is a type of aerobic metabolism?
oxidation- process of losing electrons & gaining oxygen
aerobic metabolism- max amount of ATP, most cells function this way
what is the difference in transcription & translation?
Translation- DNA to RNA (takes place in nucleus)
Transcription- mRNA to amino acids (takes place in the RIBOSOMES)
what is the difference between passive and active transport?
passive- does NOT require ATP, moves down a concentration gradient
active- requires ATP
what type of transport is Sodium Potassium Pump?
Active Transport!
sodium potassium pump= Na on outside, K on inside… 3 Na pump out for every 2 K in
maintains levels in the pump which is crucial to balance the function of homeostasis
which cells regenerate themselves & which do not?
Regenerate cells: WBC, RBC, Platelets, liver
non-regenerate: hepatocytes (liver), neurons in brain, cardiac muscle
what are the types of cell adaptation and give examples
- Atrophy- declining (ex: muscle atrophy/paralysis (low nerve simulation)/low nutrition/ischemia/ aging
- Hypertrophy- increasing (ex: hypertension= overused big heart/ weightlifting/ fever)
- dysplasia- disordered cell, functions differently, not the true adaptation of cell, abnormal change (ex: cervical cancer- change of cells in cervix)
- hyperplasia- increase in number of cells (breast tissue w/ pregnancy, keloid scar, BPH aka benign prosthetic hyperplasia)
- metaplasia - cells look different, one cell changes to another (Ex: Barrett’s esophagus/ GERD)
- neoplasia- lack adhesion to other cells, lack normal function (Ex: cancer - any time cells undergo mitosis = risk for cancer)
well differentiated, NOT metastasized aka spreading
BENIGN
poorly differentiated, cells are completely different, possible metastasize aka spreading
MALIGNANT
what are the 8 categories of cell injury?
hypoxic injury
free radical injury
chemical injury
physical injury
infectious agents injury
nutrition imbalances
genetic defects
injurious immunological reactions
type of cell injury that lacks O2
hypoxic injury