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Test 2 Nursing > Patho > Flashcards

Patho Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurotransmitters

A 
Acetylcholine
Histamine
GABA
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Monoamines: dopamine, seratonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine
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2
Q

Where is the “gate” located

A

Dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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3
Q

Transduction

A

activation of nociceptors - how it starts

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4
Q

Transmission

A

Conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord

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5
Q

Perception

A

Process of receiving information once it hits the brain

Sensory/discriminative system
motivational/affective system
cognitive evaluative system

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6
Q

Modulation

A

Adaptation to pain

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7
Q

Excitatory neuromodulation in CNS and PNS

A

Substance P
Glutamate
Somatostatin

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8
Q

Inhibitory neuromodulation

A 
GABA
glycine
serotonin
norepinephrine
endorphine
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9
Q

What triggers neuromodulators?

A

endorphins

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10
Q

Perceptual dominance

A

Pain at one location may cause an ↑ in the threshold in another location

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11
Q

Acute somatic pain

A

Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone, and skin

A delta fibers: pain is sharp and well localized
C Fibers: dull ache

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12
Q

Acute visceral pain

A

Pain in internal organs and abdomen

Poorly localized as a result of ↓ nociceptors

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13
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain that is present in an area removed from its point of origin

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14
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

result of trauma or disease of nerves
Most often chronic
Peripheral: painful diabetic neuropathy
Central: phantom limb

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15
Q

Major sleep center in the body?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

How much time does a person spend in REM

A

20-25%

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17
Q

4 classifications of sleep disorders

A

Dyssomnias*
Parasomnias*
Secondary sleep disorders
Sleep provoked disorders

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18
Q

Parasomnias

A 
Somnambulism (sleep walking)
Night terrors
Restless leg syndrome
Eating (sleep eating)
Violent behaviors
Assoc. with medical/psychiatric disorders
Proposed sleep disorder
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19
Q

Sleep provoked disorders

A

Sleep stage alterations produced in certain disease states

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20
Q

Dyssomnias

A

Insomnia
Obstructive sleep apnea
primary and secondary hypersomnia (excessive sleeping)
Disorders of sleep/wake cycle (jet lag)

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21
Q

Age related changes to sleep: Elderly

A

Total sleep is ↓
Take longer to fall asleep
Awaken more frequently
Amount of time in stave IV sleep is ↓

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22
Q

Age related changes to sleep: Young

A

Newborns sleep 16-17 hours/day
53% of that time is spent in REM sleep
infant sleep cycle is 50-60 min
Infants enter REM immed. upon falling asleep

23
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone

24
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Destroy bone

25
Q

Osteocytes

A

Bone cells

26
Q

Collegen fibers

A

Make up bulk of bone matrix

27
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Control transportation of ionized material through matrix

Strengthen bone and assist bone calcium depletion

28
Q

Glycoproteins

A 
Promote calcification (bind to calcium)
control collagen interactions leading to fibroid formation
29
Q

Calcium

A

Give bones strength

30
Q

What are bones made of

A

calcium

phosphate

31
Q

Diaphysis

A

Main shaft of bone

32
Q

Metaphysis

A

Flaired area between epiphysis and diaphysis - composed of cancellous bone

33
Q

Epiphysis

A

Widened area at end of long bone

34
Q

Medullary cavity

A

center of diaphysis and contains bone marrow (blood cells)

35
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin layer lining medullary cavity

36
Q

Basic multicellular units

A

osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts

37
Q

Three phases of bone remodeling

A

Activation of the remodeling cycle
Resorption
Formation of new bone

38
Q

Process of bone repair

A 
Inflammation / hematoma formation
procallus formation
callus formation
callus replacement
remodeling
39
Q

Term for remodeling cells

A

Basic multicellular unit

40
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable

41
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely movable

42
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable

43
Q

Fibrous joint

A

completely immovable

Joints bone to bone
suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

44
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

not movable but stretchable

Symphysis and synchondrosis

45
Q

Synovial joint

A

uniaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial

Joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage

Ex. elbow joint

46
Q

Order of muscle layers

A 
Single fiber
Endomysium
Fascicle
Perimysium
Bunches together
Epimysium
Fascia covers whole thing
47
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Motor neuron

Muscle fibers

48
Q

Sendory units

A

Spindles

Golgi tendon organs

49
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

White muscle (type 2) - fast twitch - ocular muscles

Red muscle (type 1) - slow twitch - calf muscle

50
Q

Myofibrils

A

Functional unit of muscle contraction

51
Q

Isometric contraction

A

When muscle maintains constant length as muscle is increased

Ex. hold coffee

52
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

moving of a muscle

Ex. bicep curl

53
Q

Main fuel for muscle

A

ATP

Test 2 Nursing (5 decks)

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