Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Test 2 Nursing > 2800 Test #2 > Flashcards

2800 Test #2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards Nursing Maternity flashcards Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) flashcards
0
Q

Risk factors for chronic insomnia

A
  • increases with age (65)
  • divorced, widowed, separated individuals
  • low socioeconomic status
  • less education
  • women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are assessment findings for chronic insomnia

A
  • difficulty falling asleep
  • frequent awakenings
  • prolong the night time awakenings or awakening too early
  • awakening feeling unrefreshed
  • confusion
  • irritability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Primary insomnia

A

Difficulty in initiating and maintaining sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Co-morbid insomnia

A

Associated with psychiatric illnesses, medical conditions, medications, or substance abuse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is chronic fatigue syndrome

A

Debilitating fatigue and a variety of associated complaints. Poorly understood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Risk factors for chronic fatigue syndrome

A

Women

All ethnic and socioeconomic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Assessment findings in chronic fatigue syndrome

A
  • musculoskeletal pain
  • Malaise
  • fatigue
  • cognitive dysfunction
  • headaches
  • fever
  • anxiety
  • sleep disturbances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Complications of chronic fatigue

A
  • reduction in activities
  • fatigue not due to ongoing exertion
  • impaired memory or concentration
  • frequent or recurring sore throat
  • tender cervical or axillary lymph nodes
  • muscle pain
  • unrefreshing sleep
  • headaches
  • Multi joint pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is chronic fatigue syndrome treated

A 
NSAIDs to treat headaches, muscle and joint aches, and fever
Antidepressants
Hydrocortisone
Nutrition
Exercise
Sleep routine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are consequences of untreated pain

A

Comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, addiction

Sleep disturbances

Physical and psychological dysfunction and decreased quality of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the five dimensions of pain

A 
Physiologic 
Affective
Cognitive
Behavioral
Sociocultural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is nociceptive pain

A

Caused by damage to somatic or visceral tissue

Ex. Surgical incision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Superficial somatic pain

A

Arises from skin, mucous membranes, and subcutaneous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Deep somatic pain

A

Arises from muscles, fasciae, bones, and tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is visceral pain

A

Comes from the activation of nociceptors in the internal organs and lining of the body cavities such as the thoracic and abdominal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acute vs. chronic pain

A

Acute: sudden, mild to severe, due to a precipitating event, decreases over time, pain control with eventual illumination, less than three months
Chronic: gradual or sudden, mild to severe, cause may not be known, typically pain does not go away, increasing and decreasing periods of pain, pain control to the extent possible, greater than three months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is sciatica

A

Pain that follows the course of the sciatic nerve. May originate from joints and muscles around the back end from compression or damage to the sciatic nerve. Sharp, burning, leading to numbness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The 10 basic principles of pain treatment

A
  • Principles of pain assessment, pain is subjective
  • holistic approach to pain management
  • every patient deserves adequate pain management
  • -based treatment plan on patient goals
  • drug and nondrug therapies
  • multimodal approach to analgesic therapy
  • Address pain using interdisciplinary approach
  • evaluate effectiveness
  • prevent/manage med side effects
  • incorporate teaching
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Multimodal approach to analgesic therapy

A

Use two or more classes of analgesic medications to take advantage of the various mechanisms of action

Example: NSAIDs with other pain management such as Tylenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is tolerance

A

Need for an increased amount to maintain same effect

Normal

Not an indicator of addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is physical dependence

A

A w/d syndrome manifests when the drug is abruptly decreased

Normal

Not an indicator of addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Long-term effects of chemotherapy

A
  • cataracts
  • Arthralgia
  • endocrine alterations
  • renal insufficiency
  • hepatitis
  • osteoporosis
  • neurocognitive dysfunction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Single greatest barrier to effective pain management

A

Inadequate pain assessment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Risk factors for lupus

A 
Women childbearing years
African Americans especially
Asian Americans
Hispanics
Native Americans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Assessment findings in lupus

A
  • fever
  • alopecia
  • dry, scaly skin
  • pleural friction rub in lungs
  • raynads
  • myopathy
  • facial weakness
  • proteinuria
  • butterfly rash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Complications of Lupus

A
  • butterfly rash: 50%
  • arthritis: more than 90%
  • tachypnea and cough
  • lupus nephritis: 40%
  • neuropsychiatric manifestations
  • antibodies against blood cells
  • increased susceptibility to infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is Lupus treated

A
  • manage active phase while preventing complications of treatments
  • drug therapy:
  • NSAIDs
  • antimalarial
  • immunosuppressive
  • Immunomodulator
  • corticosteroids – limited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is fibromyalgia

A

Chronic disorder characterized by widespread, nonarticular musculoskeletal pain and fatigue with multiple tender points

75 to 90% women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Assessment findings in fibromyalgia

A

Widespread panic pain that worsens and improves through the course of the day. Peaks and valleys. Hard to discriminate whether pain occurs in muscles, joints, or soft tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are complications of fibromyalgia

A
  • IBS
  • concentration difficulties
  • memory lapses
  • depression and anxiety
  • stiffness
  • non-refreshing sleep
  • fatigue
  • inability to determine location of pain
  • restless leg syndrome and
  • TMJ
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Musculoskeletal concerns for immobility

A
  • decreased venous return and decreased cardiac output
  • decreased metabolism and need for oxygen
  • bone demineralization
  • catabolism
  • loss of strength
  • Contractures, ankylosis of joints
  • impaired respiration
  • negative calcium balance
  • calcium deposits
  • extraosseous bone formation
  • renal caliculi
  • life-threatening electrolyte imbalance
    *
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is muscular dystrophy

A

The largest and most important single group of muscle diseases of childhood
- Progressive weakness and wasting of symmetric groups of skeletal muscles with increased disability and deformity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Characteristics of Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A
  • most severe and most common of
  • x-linked recessive trait – boys
  • onset age 3 to 7 years
  • Contractures – permanent shortening of muscle
  • Progressive weakness in adolescents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are assessment findings for muscular dystrophy

A
  • relentless progression of muscle weakness
  • waddling gate
  • frequent falls
  • can impact cognitively – 20pt IQ drop
  • enlarged muscles and calves, size, and upper arms – use these muscles to get up and around
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is lordosis

A

Curve in lower back

35
Q

What is Gowers sign

A

Child turns onto cider abdomen, flexes needs to assume a kneeling position, and with knees extended gradually push his torso to an upright position by walking the hands up the legs

36
Q

How would gate be described for muscular dystrophy

A

Waddling and abnormal

37
Q

What is chronic low back pain

A

Low back pain lasting more than three months or is it repeated incapacitating episode. Often progressive and hard to determine. Need to discern whether or not it’s the sciatic nerve.

38
Q

Common causes for chronic low back pain

A
  • degenerative condition such as arthritis or disc disease
  • osteoporosis or other metabolic bone diseases
  • prior injury
  • lifting
  • congenital abnormalities
  • spinal stenosis
39
Q

What is spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of the spinal canal

40
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis

A
  • advancing age (65+)
  • Low bodyweight
  • White or Asian ethnicity
  • current cigarette smoking
  • nondramatic fracture
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • postmenopausal
  • Family history
  • diet low on calcium or vitamin D deficiency
  • excessive alcohol
  • Low testosterone level in men
  • long-term use of corticosteroids, fibroid replacements, heparin, long-acting sedatives, are anti-seizure medications
41
Q

Risk factors for chronic low back pain

A
  • obesity
  • pregnancy
  • job-related stooping, bending, other stressful postures
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • tobacco use
  • occupation
42
Q

Education for chronic low back pain

A
  • fiber!
  • watch diet
  • exercise -lose weight
  • sufficient rest
  • Hot and cold packs
  • don’t: sleep on abdomen, lift with back, stand for long periods of time
43
Q

Osteoporosis can be due to a long-term use of what?

A

Corticosteroids. Rough on bones – can lead to osteoporosis

44
Q

Complications associated with osteoporosis

A

A person who has one vertebral fracture due to osteoporosis has an increased risk of having a second vertebral fracture within one year

Loss of bone substance causes the bone to become mechanically weekend and brown to either spontaneous fractures or fractures from minimal trauma

45
Q

What are treatments for osteoporosis?

A

A diet high in calcium

Calcium and vitamin D supplements

Exercise program – walking is the best – weight-bearing but not high impact

Drug therapy - Biphosphonate’s, salmon Cassie Tonin, selective estrogen receptor modulator (Evista), recumbent form of PTh (Forteo), denosumab

46
Q

What foods are good sources of calcium

A
  • milk
  • cheese
  • yogurt
  • ice cream
  • Broccoli
  • seafood
  • spinach
  • almonds
47
Q

Best exercises to recommend for osteoporosis

A
  • walking
  • dancing
  • Stairclimbing
48
Q

What is osteoarthritis

A

Degeneration of articular cartilage in synovial joints – a.k.a.: degenerative joint disease

49
Q

Potential causes of osteoarthritis

A
  • trauma
  • mechanical stress
  • inflammation
  • joint instability
  • neurologic disorders
  • skeletal deformities
  • hematologic or endocrine disorders
  • drugs
50
Q

Gender risk factors for osteoarthritis

A

More common in men under 50

More common in women over 50

51
Q

Risk factors for osteoarthritis

A
  • obesity
  • frequent kneeling or stooping
  • lack of exercise
  • genetics
  • age
  • bone deformities
52
Q

Primary assessment findings for osteoarthritis

A
  • chronic pain in joints – worsens with use
  • stiffness
  • asymmetrical
  • bone crackling
  • bowlegged look if not treated
53
Q

Osteoarthritis – what makes joint pain worse

A

With joint use and bad weather

54
Q

Potential complications of osteoarthritis

A

Increased pain – disability and loss of function

Joint stiffness occurs after periods of rest or static position

55
Q

Drug therapy for osteoarthritis

A
  • acetaminophen
  • NSAIDs
  • antibiotics
  • intra-articular hyaluronic acid
  • intra-articular corticosteroids
  • opioid analgesics
56
Q

What are the recommendations related to activity and rest for osteoarthritis

A

Balance of rest and activity. Affected joint should be rested during any periods of acute inflammation, immobilization should not exceed one week.

Walking is good for osteoarthritis

57
Q

Complementary therapies for osteoarthritis

A
  • acupuncture
  • yoga
  • massage
  • guided imagery
  • heat to relieve stiffness
  • therapeutic touch
  • glucosamine and chondroitin may relieve pain and increased mobility
58
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis

A

Chronic, systemic auto immune disease characterized by inflammation of connective tissue in the diathrodial – synovial joints

59
Q

Risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • increases with age
  • peaks between 30 and 50 years old
  • Women
  • all races
  • genetic predisposition
  • proceeded by stressful event or incidents or infection
60
Q

Primary assessment findings for rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • decreased mobility
  • warm to the touch to those joints
  • symptoms occur symmetrically – both knees
  • small joints mostly affected, large may be involved
  • nonspecific manifestations include fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, and general stiffness
61
Q

How is rheumatoid arthritis different from osteoarthritis

A

Rheumatoid arthritis is systemic. Osteoarthritis is site-specific

62
Q

What are rheumatoid nodules

A

Develop in 20 to 30% of all patients. They are nontender, granuloma type masses usually located over the extent extensor surfaces of joint such as fingers and elbows. Nodules at base of spine and back of head are common in older adults

63
Q

Pain characteristics of RA & OA

A

RA: stiffness last one hour to all day and may decrease with use. Especially in the morning.

OA: stiffness occurs on arising that usually subsides after 30 minutes. Generally increases with use.

64
Q

What are extra-articular manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  • rheumatoid nodules
  • flexion contractures
  • nodular myositis
  • cataracts
  • depression – limited in activities and deformities are socially isolating
65
Q

Drug therapy for RA

A
  • DMARDs
  • intra-articular or systemic corticosteroids
  • NSAIDs
  • biologic and targeted therapy
66
Q

Activity and rest recommendations for RA

A

Alternate periods of rest with periods of activity
Amount of rest varies according to severity of disease and limitation

avoid bed rest – keep at highest functional ability

67
Q

What is asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.
A disorder in which your airways become inflamed which cause you to have recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough particularly at night.

68
Q

Risk factors for asthma

A
  • Men more likely in childhood
  • Women more likely and puberty and adulthood
  • Women who are admitted to the ED are more likely
  • death rate from asthma greater in women than men
  • african-Americans and Puerto Ricans
  • Low income – air-quality
  • genetics – unsure of tie
  • obesity
  • underdeveloped immune response
69
Q

What is exercise-induced asthma

A

Asthma that is induced or exacerbated during physical exertion

70
Q

What are assessment findings and clients with asthma

A
  • Cough – wheeze, hacking, nonproductive, and dry
  • respiratory related science – cyanosis, dark red lips
  • chest – wheezes, crackles, course sounds, decreased air movement, inspiration respiration ratio (more out then in)
  • results of repeated episodes
  • minor attacks wheeze loudly, severe attacks may not wheeze
  • difficulty speaking
71
Q

What are potential complications associated with asthma

A
  • respiratory acidosis
  • respiratory failure
  • CO2 retention
  • accessory muscle strain
  • ABG changes – low pH, high PaCO2 with high HCO3
72
Q

What collaborative therapy consists of four intermittent or persistent asthma

A
  • ID & avoidance/elimination of triggers
  • patient and caregiver teaching
  • drug therapy
  • asthma action plan
  • desensitization if indicated
  • assessed for control – asthma control test
73
Q

What our goals for clients with asthma

A
  • achieve and maintain control of the disease
  • minimize exacerbations
  • adequate exercise – acceptable activity levels
  • normal breath sounds
  • correct use of peak flow meter dash greater than 80% of their personal best
  • access to healthcare to manage
74
Q

What do we teach about peak flow meters

A

Green zone- 80-100%, no symptoms are present, take medication as usual

Yellow zone- 50-80%, if you remain in the yellow zone after several measures a peak flow, take an inhaled Saba

Red zone - under 50%, signals medical alerts. Take inhaled Saba right away. Call healthcare provider or emergency department and ask what to do or go directly to the emergency department.

75
Q

What is COPD

A

Preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is slowly progressive

Associated with an enhanced, can planetary response of the airways and wants to particles are gases, primarily caused by cigarette smoking

Alpha-1 antitrypsin – healthy person who wasn’t a smoker, the factor involved with getting COPD

76
Q

Osmotic diuretics

A

Mannitol

77
Q

ACE Inhibitors

A

“-pril”

78
Q

Beta blockers suffix

A

“-olol”

79
Q

Calcium channel blocker

A

“-pine” or “-zem”

80
Q

Low molecular weight heparins

A

Enoxaparin (Lovenox)

Dalteparin (Fragmin)

“-parin”

81
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Warfarin sodium (Coumadin)

82
Q

Thrombolytic drugs

A

Older: “-ase”

Newer:
(TPA) tissue plasminogen activator

(APSAC) anisoylated plasminogen activator complex

83
Q

Classifications of hyperlipidemics

A 
Statins
Niacin
Fibric acid derivatives 
Bile acid sequestrants
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
84
Q

Statins

A

Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

Test 2 Nursing (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions