Patho 2 - Exam 1 - Renal

Question 1

Function of the Renal System

Answer 1

Regulating ECV volume
regulating pH
eliminating wastes through excretion

Question 2

Endocrine functions

Answer 2

production of erythropoietin
production of renin
activation of vitamin D

Question 3

Urinary structures

Answer 3

ureters
bladder
urethra

Question 4

Basic mechanisms of the kidney

Answer 4

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

Question 5

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Answer 5

Unit of measure to determine kidney function

creatine clearance after uses as an indicator of GFR

Question 6

Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN)

Answer 6

can be used as an indicator for GFR

Males 97-137 ml/min Females 88-128 ml/min

Question 7

Renal Calculi

Answer 7

higher in males
nausea and vomiting
agonizing flank pain may radiate to groin, testicles, abdominal area

Question 8

Renal Calculi

Answer 8

sharp sudden sever pain
hematuria
dysuria
urinary frequency

Question 9

Renal Calculi Diagnosis

Answer 9

ultrasound
renal stone analysis
KUB (xray)
Severe
-calcium oxalate
-uric acid

Question 10

Renal Calculi Risk Factors

Answer 10

infection
urinary stasis and retention
immobility
dehydration
increase uric acid
increased uric oxalate

Question 11

UTI

Answer 11

Infection of the bladder, urethra or prostate

Question 12

UTI patho

Answer 12

breakdown in local defense
bacteria invade and multiply
bacteria can not be readily by micturition (urination)

Question 13

UTI clinical manifestations

Answer 13

urgency and frequency
burning pain on urination (dysuria)
voiding in small amounts, incomplete emptying
low back or suprapubic pain

Question 14

Pyelonephritis

Answer 14

Inflammation caused by bacteria of the renal pelvis

Question 15

Pyelonephritis patho

Answer 15

causative organism in the kidney
inflammatory response triggered
inflammation leads to edema
fibrosis and scar tissue form at infection

Question 16

Pyelonephritis clinical manifestations

Answer 16

frequency
dysuria
CVA tenderness
flank or groin pain
fever/chills
malaise

Question 17

Glomerulonephritis patho

Answer 17

auto immune related to strep throat, inflammation, increased permeability

Question 18

Glomerulonephritis - three types

Answer 18

acute
rapidly progressive
chronic

Question 19

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Answer 19

circulating antigen - antibody complexes trapped in glomerular membrane

Question 20

Glomerulonephritis Rapidly Progessive

Answer 20

glomerular cells proliferate forming crescent-shaped lesions that obstruct the Bowman’s space

Question 21

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Answer 21

slow, progressive destruction of glomeruli

kidneys decrease in size and become granular

Question 22

Glomerulonephritis clinical manifestations

Answer 22

headache, increased BP, facial, periorbital edema, lethargic, low grade fever, weight gain, edema,

Question 23

Glomerulonephritis clinical manifestations

Answer 23

proteinuria, hematuria, oliguria, dysuria

Question 24

Glomerulonephritis Risk Factors

Answer 24

Strep Infection, Lupus

Question 25

Nephrotic Syndrome

Answer 25

manifestation of protein wasting that occurs with glomerular damage

Question 26

Nephrotic Syndrome - patho

Answer 26

glomerular damage, protein lost to urine, hypovolemia, hypotension, and edema

Question 27

Nephrotic Syndrome clinical manifestations

Answer 27

proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema

Question 28

Nephrotic Syndrome risk factors

Answer 28

medications, diabetes

Question 29

Acute Renal Failure

Answer 29

Sudden inability of the kidneys to maintain normal

Question 30

Acute Renal Failure three types

Answer 30

Prerenal - above the kidneys Intrarenal - in the kidneys Post renal - below the kidney

Question 31

Acute Renal Failure patho

Answer 31

Ischemia, decreased GFR, tubular obstruction by cellular debris

Question 32

Acute Renal Failure causes

Answer 32

Prerenal - severe blood loss, AAA, shock, MI Intrarenal - infection - pyelonephritis, trauma, street drugs Post renal - traumas, kidney stones, destruction

Question 33

Acute Renal Failure phases

Answer 33

Initiation Maintenance Recovery

Question 34

Acute Renal Failure phase clinical manifestations

Answer 34

Initiation - few manifestations Maintenance - oliguria, salt and water retention Recovery - progressive increase in urine volume

Question 35

Chronic Renal Failure

Answer 35

slow, progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function

Question 36

Chronic Renal Failure stages

Answer 36

early (renal insufficiency) second (renal insufficiency) third (end stage renal disease)

Question 37

Chronic Renal Failure patho

Answer 37

function capacity of nephron is lost renal mass enlarged unable to excrete metabolic waste and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

Question 38

Chronic Renal Failure clinical manifestations (early)

Answer 38

decreased urinary concentration - nocturia, GFR 90ml/min

Question 39

Chronic Renal Failure (renal insufficiency)

Answer 39

headaches, decreased ability to concentrate urine, polyuria, oliguria, edema, increased BP

Question 40

Chronic Renal Failure (end stage)

Answer 40

GFR decreased 15 ml/min, neurological weakness, fatigue, confusion, increased BP, pitting edema, sob, depressed cough, ammonia odor to breath, anemia, withdrawn, dry flaky skin

Question 41

Bladder Cancer

Answer 41

cancer of the cells that line the bladder

Question 42

Bladder Cancer who's at risk

Answer 42

men over 55, smoking, occupation

Question 43

Bladder Cancer clinical manifestations

Answer 43

painless hematuria, constant or intermittent UTI, pelvic pain with advanced cancer