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Pathophysiology > Patho 2 - Exam 1 - Renal > Flashcards

Patho 2 - Exam 1 - Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Renal System

A

Regulating ECV volume
regulating pH
eliminating wastes through excretion

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2
Q

Endocrine functions

A

production of erythropoietin
production of renin
activation of vitamin D

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3
Q

Urinary structures

A

ureters
bladder
urethra

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4
Q

Basic mechanisms of the kidney

A

filtration
reabsorption
secretion
excretion

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5
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

Unit of measure to determine kidney function

creatine clearance after uses as an indicator of GFR

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6
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN)

A

can be used as an indicator for GFR

Males 97-137 ml/min Females 88-128 ml/min

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7
Q

Renal Calculi

A

higher in males
nausea and vomiting
agonizing flank pain may radiate to groin, testicles, abdominal area

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8
Q

Renal Calculi

A

sharp sudden sever pain
hematuria
dysuria
urinary frequency

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9
Q

Renal Calculi Diagnosis

A 
ultrasound
renal stone analysis
KUB (xray)
Severe
-calcium oxalate
-uric acid
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10
Q

Renal Calculi Risk Factors

A 
infection
urinary stasis and retention
immobility
dehydration
increase uric acid
increased uric oxalate
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11
Q

UTI

A

Infection of the bladder, urethra or prostate

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12
Q

UTI patho

A

breakdown in local defense
bacteria invade and multiply
bacteria can not be readily by micturition (urination)

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13
Q

UTI clinical manifestations

A

urgency and frequency
burning pain on urination (dysuria)
voiding in small amounts, incomplete emptying
low back or suprapubic pain

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14
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation caused by bacteria of the renal pelvis

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15
Q

Pyelonephritis patho

A

causative organism in the kidney
inflammatory response triggered
inflammation leads to edema
fibrosis and scar tissue form at infection

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16
Q

Pyelonephritis clinical manifestations

A 
frequency
dysuria
CVA tenderness
flank or groin pain
fever/chills
malaise
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17
Q

Glomerulonephritis patho

A

auto immune related to strep throat, inflammation, increased permeability

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18
Q

Glomerulonephritis - three types

A

acute
rapidly progressive
chronic

19
Q

Acute Glomerulonephritis

A

circulating antigen - antibody complexes trapped in glomerular membrane

20
Q

Glomerulonephritis Rapidly Progessive

A

glomerular cells proliferate forming crescent-shaped lesions that obstruct the Bowman’s space

21
Q

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

A

slow, progressive destruction of glomeruli

kidneys decrease in size and become granular

22
Q

Glomerulonephritis clinical manifestations

A

headache, increased BP, facial, periorbital edema, lethargic, low grade fever, weight gain, edema,

23
Q

Glomerulonephritis clinical manifestations

A

proteinuria, hematuria, oliguria, dysuria

24
Q

Glomerulonephritis Risk Factors

A

Strep Infection, Lupus

25
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

manifestation of protein wasting that occurs with glomerular damage

26
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome - patho

A

glomerular damage, protein lost to urine, hypovolemia, hypotension, and edema

27
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome clinical manifestations

A

proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema

28
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome risk factors

A

medications, diabetes

29
Q

Acute Renal Failure

A

Sudden inability of the kidneys to maintain normal

30
Q

Acute Renal Failure three types

A

Prerenal - above the kidneys
Intrarenal - in the kidneys
Post renal - below the kidney

31
Q

Acute Renal Failure patho

A

Ischemia, decreased GFR, tubular obstruction by cellular debris

32
Q

Acute Renal Failure causes

A

Prerenal - severe blood loss, AAA, shock, MI
Intrarenal - infection - pyelonephritis, trauma, street drugs
Post renal - traumas, kidney stones, destruction

33
Q

Acute Renal Failure phases

A

Initiation
Maintenance
Recovery

34
Q

Acute Renal Failure phase clinical manifestations

A

Initiation - few manifestations
Maintenance - oliguria, salt and water retention
Recovery - progressive increase in urine volume

35
Q

Chronic Renal Failure

A

slow, progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function

36
Q

Chronic Renal Failure stages

A

early (renal insufficiency)
second (renal insufficiency)
third (end stage renal disease)

37
Q

Chronic Renal Failure patho

A

function capacity of nephron is lost
renal mass enlarged
unable to excrete metabolic waste and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

38
Q

Chronic Renal Failure clinical manifestations (early)

A

decreased urinary concentration - nocturia, GFR 90ml/min

39
Q

Chronic Renal Failure (renal insufficiency)

A

headaches, decreased ability to concentrate urine, polyuria, oliguria, edema, increased BP

40
Q

Chronic Renal Failure (end stage)

A

GFR decreased 15 ml/min, neurological weakness, fatigue, confusion, increased BP, pitting edema, sob, depressed cough, ammonia odor to breath, anemia, withdrawn, dry flaky skin

41
Q

Bladder Cancer

A

cancer of the cells that line the bladder

42
Q

Bladder Cancer who’s at risk

A

men over 55, smoking, occupation

43
Q

Bladder Cancer clinical manifestations

A

painless hematuria, constant or intermittent UTI, pelvic pain with advanced cancer

Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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