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Pathophysiology > Patho 2 - Exam 1 - Gastroinstestinal System > Flashcards

Patho 2 - Exam 1 - Gastroinstestinal System Flashcards

1
Q

Nausea

A

feeling the urge to vomit

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2
Q

Retching

A

process of vomiting without vomiting

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3
Q

Vomiting

A

forceful oral expulsion of gastric contents

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4
Q

Vomiting Center

A 
Triggered by:
gitract
high brain stem
cortical centers
ctz (Chemoreceptor trigger zone)
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5
Q

CTZ

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

A 
Can't initiate, only a trigger
Triggered by
drugs
bacterial toxins
metabolic abnormalities
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6
Q

GI Bleeding - 4 types

A

Upper
Lower
Acute
Occult

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7
Q

Upper GI Bleeding

A

ulcers in esophagus, stomach or duodenum, gastric tears from malignancy

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8
Q

Lower GI Bleeding

A

caused by polyps in the jejunum, ileum, colon, or rectum, IBS, cancer or hemorrioids

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9
Q

Acute GI Bleeding

A

Hematemesis - blood in vomit
Hematochezia - frank bleeding from rectum
Melena - black tarry stool

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10
Q

Occult GI Bleeding

A

trace amounts of blood in normal appearing stool or gastric secretions
Can detect with Guaiac Test

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11
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty with swallowing is the sensation that food is stuck in the throat

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12
Q

Who’s at Risk?

A

old, young, neurologic disorders

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13
Q

Patho - Dysphagia

A

mechanical
functional
Achalasia - rare form

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14
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Dysphagia

A

Odynophagia - pain with swallowing

Choking or coughing while eating

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15
Q

GERD

A

Backflow of gastric or duodenal contents into the esophagus pass to the lower esophageal sphincter

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16
Q

GERD- who’s at risk?

A 
prolonged gastric intubation
infections
systemic disease
acidic foods
systemic diseases
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17
Q

GERD - Patho

A

LES is weakened or incompetent, epithelial cell damage

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18
Q

GERD- Clinical Manifestations

A

dyspepsia, eructation (frequent belching) pain after eating, when lying down, and after straining or lifting

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19
Q

Peptic Ulcer

A

erosion in the lining of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum

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20
Q

Peptic Ulcer - who’s at risk?

A

COPD, rheumatoid arthritis or cirrhosis, H. pylori infection, stress, smoking, excessive use of NSAIDS or aspirin

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21
Q

Peptic Ulcer - patho

A

excess acid, decreased mucus, increased delivery of acid

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22
Q

Peptic Ulcer - clinical manifestations

A 
gastric - caused by NSAIDS
pain, worsens with eating
pain in back or flank
duodenal - caused by H. pylori
gnawing dull ache epigastric relieved by food or antacids
recurs 2-4 hours later
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23
Q

IBS

A

abdominal pain, alternating constipation and diarrhea, abdominal distention

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24
Q

IBS- who’s at risk?

A

ppl with stress, lactose intolerant, food sensitivities, colon cancer, food poisoning. 2xx as common in women then men. 20% of pts never seek medical attention

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25
Q

IBS - patho

A

GI tract appears normal, abnormal smooth muscle function of the colon, excessive peristalsis and spasms

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26
Q

IBS- clinical manifestations

A

intermittent, crampy, lower abdominal pain

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27
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Crohn’s disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It usually affects the intestines, but may occur anywhere from the mouth to the end of the rectum (anus).

28
Q

Crohn’s Disease- who’s at risk?

A

genetic, jewish, stress

29
Q

Crohn’s Disease - patho

A

inflammatory lesions occur anywhere, most often in the ascending colon, distal ileum and anorectal area

30
Q

Crohn’s Disease - clinical manifestations

A

steady colicky pain, cramping and tenderness, diarrhea, steatorrhea, nausea, vomiting, flatulence

31
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

inflammatory disease affecting the mucous membranes of the colon

32
Q

Ulcerative Colitis - who’s at risk?

A

white and jewish ppl, age 10-40, genetic, stress, auto immune disease

33
Q

Ulcerative Colitis - patho

A

inflammation in base of mucosal layer, leads to erosions that form ulcers

34
Q

Ulcerative Colitis - clinical manifestations

A

recurrent diarrhea with pus, abdominal cramping, rectal urgency, weight loss

35
Q

Ulcerative Colitis - complications

A

intestinal obstruction, dehydration, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, malabsorption, anemia

36
Q

Diverticulitis

A

inflammation of a diverticulum within intestinal tract

37
Q

Diverticulitis - who’s at risk?

A

Crohn’s and Ulcerative colitis
Obesity
poor dietary habits
elderly

38
Q

Diverticulitis - patho

A

increase in intraluminal pressure
outpouching of colon wall
bacteria from food becomes trapped
thickening of intestinal wall

39
Q

Diverticulitis - clinical manifestations

A

constipation, lower left sided abdominal pain, signs of peritonitis (fever, guarding, abdominal rigidity), elevated WBC

40
Q

Appendicitis

A

Appendicitis is defined as an inflammation of the inner lining of the vermiform appendix that spreads to its other parts

41
Q

Appendicitis - who’s at risk?

A

fecal impactions, kinking of the bowel, parasites, infections, children and young adults (10-30), males

42
Q

Appendicitis - patho

A

obstruction of lumen from stool, tumors, or foreign bodies, inflammation due to obstruction, which can lead to bacterial invasion

43
Q

Appendicitis - clinical manifestations

A

pain in the LRQ, McBurney’s point
GI disturbences - anorexia
rebound tenderness, fever, elevated BP and HR (due to pain)

44
Q

Anus

A

the opening at the end of the digestive system from which feces (waste) exits the body.

45
Q

appendix

A

a small sac located on the cecum

46
Q

ascending colon

A

the part of the large intestine that run upwards; it is located after the cecum.

47
Q

Bile

A

a digestive chemical that is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder and secreted in the small intestine

48
Q

Cecum

A

the first part of the large intestine, connected to the appendix

49
Q

chyme

A

food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids, digests further in the small intestine

50
Q

descending colon

A

part of large intestine that runs downward after the transverse colon

51
Q

duodenum

A

the first part of the small intestine

52
Q

epiglottis

A

the flap in the back of the tongue that keeps chewed food from going down into the windpipe to the lungs

53
Q

esophagus

A

long tube between the mouth and the stomach. muscle moves food from the throat to the stomach

54
Q

gall bladder

A

small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum, stores and releases bile.

55
Q

illeum

A

last part of the small intestine

56
Q

jejunum

A

long, coiled, mid-section of the small intestine

57
Q

liver

A

a large organ located above and in front of the stomach

58
Q

mouth

A

the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body

59
Q

pancreas

A

an enzyme producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines

60
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic muscle movement that force food in the esophagus from the throat into the stomach

61
Q

rectum

A

lower part of the large intestine where feces are stored before they are excreted

62
Q

salivary glands

A

glands located in the mouth that produce saliva

63
Q

sigmoid colon

A

part of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum

64
Q

stomach

A

a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus, chemical and mechanical digestion takes place in the stomach

65
Q

transverse colon

A

part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across the abdoment

Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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