Exam 2 Neuro - Patho 2

Question 1

Nociception

Answer 1

perception of pain

Question 2

Nociceptors

Answer 2

free nerve endings in skin, muscle, joints, arteries, and the viscera that respond to chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli

Question 3

Transduction

Answer 3

activation of nociceptors

Question 4

Transmission

Answer 4

conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord

Question 5

Manifestations of Acute Pain

Answer 5

fear, anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, dilated pupils, guarding, elevated blood sugars, decrease in blood flow

Question 6

Acute Somatic

Answer 6

arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone, skin

Question 7

Acute Visceral

Answer 7

pain in the internal organs and abdomen

Question 8

Referred Pain

Answer 8

pain that is present in an area removed or distant from its point of origin

Question 9

Chronic Pain

Answer 9

may be persistent or intermittent and lasts 3-6 months

Question 10

Myofascial Pain Syndromes

Answer 10

injury to the muscle or fascia

Question 11

Chronic Postoperative Pain

Answer 11

after surgery, pain might not go away

Question 12

Cancer pain

Answer 12

cancer has been growing for a while

Question 13

Neuropathic Pain

Answer 13

result of trauma or disease of nerves (non-nociceptors)
Most often chronic
Central -phantom limb

Question 14

Age and Pain

Answer 14

older - increased pain threshold, skin thickness changes

Question 15

Sucrose solutions for children

Answer 15

relieves pain (children’s pain differs from adults)

Question 16

LOC

Answer 16

the best clinical index of someone’s neurological status

Question 17

Posturing - Decorticate (flexor)

Answer 17

arms are like “C” and moves in towards cord

Problems with cervical spinal tract or cerebral hemisphere

Question 18

Posturing Decerebrate (extensor)

Answer 18

Arms like “E”

Problem with midbrain or pons

Question 19

Seizures

Answer 19

uncontrolled discharge of neurons or cerebral cortex that interferes with normal function

Question 20

Partial Seizure (simple)

Answer 20

focal/motor
localized to one area
tremor in hand
No loss of consciousness (not impaired)

Question 21

Partial Seizure (complex)

Answer 21

with loss of consciousness (some) -decreased LOC

focal motor - some tremors

Question 22

Generalized Seizure

Answer 22

Involves the whole brain
tonic clonic (gran mal)
Most people have a feeling its coming
Blurry vision, cloudy memory
starts with stiffening and then tremors
30 sec- mins
Not breathing with this seizure

Question 23

Status Epilepticus Seizure (generalized)

Answer 23

continuing seizure - one attack followed by another
(30min+) recovery between attacks incomplete
(life-threatening)

Question 24

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 24

chronic, progressive form of dementia with cerebral degeneration

Question 25

Alzheimer's Disease RF

Answer 25

age, head trauma, family history, certain genes

Question 26

Alzheimer's Disease - Mild

Answer 26

disorientation (date) impaired recall irritability 8 years

Question 27

Alzheimer's Disease - Moderate

Answer 27

``` Increased disorientation (time and place) Difficulties with comprehension Impaired recognition poor judgment aggression sleep disturbances ```

Question 28

Alzheimer's Disease - Severe

Answer 28

not using language appropriately memory only to the moment assistance with all ADLs 2-5 years

Question 29

Parkinson's disease

Answer 29

area of brain (basal ganglia) responsible for dopamine production and release is affected Dopamine deficient/depleted

Question 30

Parkinson's disease CM

Answer 30

``` Tremors - hand or arm one or both sides Bradykinesia (slow movements) starts with pill rolling in hands Onset after 50 stress/anxiety makes it work ```

Question 31

Dolls Eyes Responses

Answer 31

Normal - head is turned/eyes turn to opposite side Abnormal - head turned/eyes move all around Absent - head turned/eyes straight ahead

Question 32

IICP

Answer 32

``` symptoms are opposite of shock increased B/P Decreased Pulse Decreased respiration Cushings Triad ```

Question 33

Hypotonia

Answer 33

Lack of muscle tone

Question 34

Hypertonia

Answer 34

increased resistance to passive movement

Question 35

TBI - Primary

Answer 35

die to impact

Question 36

TBI - Secondary

Answer 36

due to hemorrhage ischemia infection IICP

Question 37

Skull fractures

Answer 37

break in skull

Question 38

Skull fractures classifications

Answer 38

Linear - most common (hematoma formation) - heals on its own | CM: localized pain,Battles sign,