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Pathophysiology > Exam 2 Neuro - Patho 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Neuro - Patho 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nociception

A

perception of pain

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2
Q

Nociceptors

A

free nerve endings in skin, muscle, joints, arteries, and the viscera that respond to chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli

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3
Q

Transduction

A

activation of nociceptors

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4
Q

Transmission

A

conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord

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5
Q

Manifestations of Acute Pain

A

fear, anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, dilated pupils, guarding, elevated blood sugars, decrease in blood flow

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6
Q

Acute Somatic

A

arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone, skin

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7
Q

Acute Visceral

A

pain in the internal organs and abdomen

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8
Q

Referred Pain

A

pain that is present in an area removed or distant from its point of origin

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9
Q

Chronic Pain

A

may be persistent or intermittent and lasts 3-6 months

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10
Q

Myofascial Pain Syndromes

A

injury to the muscle or fascia

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11
Q

Chronic Postoperative Pain

A

after surgery, pain might not go away

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12
Q

Cancer pain

A

cancer has been growing for a while

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13
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

result of trauma or disease of nerves (non-nociceptors)
Most often chronic
Central -phantom limb

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14
Q

Age and Pain

A

older - increased pain threshold, skin thickness changes

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15
Q

Sucrose solutions for children

A

relieves pain (children’s pain differs from adults)

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16
Q

LOC

A

the best clinical index of someone’s neurological status

17
Q

Posturing - Decorticate (flexor)

A

arms are like “C” and moves in towards cord

Problems with cervical spinal tract or cerebral hemisphere

18
Q

Posturing Decerebrate (extensor)

A

Arms like “E”

Problem with midbrain or pons

19
Q

Seizures

A

uncontrolled discharge of neurons or cerebral cortex that interferes with normal function

20
Q

Partial Seizure (simple)

A

focal/motor
localized to one area
tremor in hand
No loss of consciousness (not impaired)

21
Q

Partial Seizure (complex)

A

with loss of consciousness (some) -decreased LOC

focal motor - some tremors

22
Q

Generalized Seizure

A 
Involves the whole brain
tonic clonic (gran mal)
Most people have a feeling its coming
Blurry vision, cloudy memory
starts with stiffening and then tremors
30 sec- mins
Not breathing with this seizure
23
Q

Status Epilepticus Seizure (generalized)

A

continuing seizure - one attack followed by another
(30min+) recovery between attacks incomplete
(life-threatening)

24
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

chronic, progressive form of dementia with cerebral degeneration

25
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease RF

A

age, head trauma, family history, certain genes

26
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - Mild

A

disorientation (date)
impaired recall
irritability
8 years

27
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - Moderate

A 
Increased disorientation (time and place)
Difficulties with comprehension
Impaired recognition
poor judgment
aggression
sleep disturbances
28
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease - Severe

A

not using language appropriately
memory only to the moment
assistance with all ADLs
2-5 years

29
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

area of brain (basal ganglia) responsible for dopamine production and release is affected
Dopamine deficient/depleted

30
Q

Parkinson’s disease CM

A 
Tremors - hand or arm one or both sides
Bradykinesia (slow movements)
starts with pill rolling in hands
Onset after 50
stress/anxiety makes it work
31
Q

Dolls Eyes Responses

A

Normal - head is turned/eyes turn to opposite side
Abnormal - head turned/eyes move all around
Absent - head turned/eyes straight ahead

32
Q

IICP

A 
symptoms are opposite of shock
increased B/P
Decreased Pulse
Decreased respiration
Cushings Triad
33
Q

Hypotonia

A

Lack of muscle tone

34
Q

Hypertonia

A

increased resistance to passive movement

35
Q

TBI - Primary

A

die to impact

36
Q

TBI - Secondary

A

due to hemorrhage
ischemia
infection
IICP

37
Q

Skull fractures

A

break in skull

38
Q

Skull fractures classifications

A

Linear - most common (hematoma formation) - heals on its own

CM: localized pain,Battles sign,

Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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