Exam 2 Neuro - Patho 2 Flashcards
Nociception
perception of pain
Nociceptors
free nerve endings in skin, muscle, joints, arteries, and the viscera that respond to chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli
Transduction
activation of nociceptors
Transmission
conduction to dorsal horn and up spinal cord
Manifestations of Acute Pain
fear, anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, dilated pupils, guarding, elevated blood sugars, decrease in blood flow
Acute Somatic
arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone, skin
Acute Visceral
pain in the internal organs and abdomen
Referred Pain
pain that is present in an area removed or distant from its point of origin
Chronic Pain
may be persistent or intermittent and lasts 3-6 months
Myofascial Pain Syndromes
injury to the muscle or fascia
Chronic Postoperative Pain
after surgery, pain might not go away
Cancer pain
cancer has been growing for a while
Neuropathic Pain
result of trauma or disease of nerves (non-nociceptors)
Most often chronic
Central -phantom limb
Age and Pain
older - increased pain threshold, skin thickness changes
Sucrose solutions for children
relieves pain (children’s pain differs from adults)
LOC
the best clinical index of someone’s neurological status
Posturing - Decorticate (flexor)
arms are like “C” and moves in towards cord
Problems with cervical spinal tract or cerebral hemisphere
Posturing Decerebrate (extensor)
Arms like “E”
Problem with midbrain or pons
Seizures
uncontrolled discharge of neurons or cerebral cortex that interferes with normal function
Partial Seizure (simple)
focal/motor
localized to one area
tremor in hand
No loss of consciousness (not impaired)
Partial Seizure (complex)
with loss of consciousness (some) -decreased LOC
focal motor - some tremors
Generalized Seizure
Involves the whole brain tonic clonic (gran mal) Most people have a feeling its coming Blurry vision, cloudy memory starts with stiffening and then tremors 30 sec- mins Not breathing with this seizure
Status Epilepticus Seizure (generalized)
continuing seizure - one attack followed by another
(30min+) recovery between attacks incomplete
(life-threatening)
Alzheimer’s Disease
chronic, progressive form of dementia with cerebral degeneration
Alzheimer’s Disease RF
age, head trauma, family history, certain genes
Alzheimer’s Disease - Mild
disorientation (date)
impaired recall
irritability
8 years
Alzheimer’s Disease - Moderate
Increased disorientation (time and place) Difficulties with comprehension Impaired recognition poor judgment aggression sleep disturbances
Alzheimer’s Disease - Severe
not using language appropriately
memory only to the moment
assistance with all ADLs
2-5 years
Parkinson’s disease
area of brain (basal ganglia) responsible for dopamine production and release is affected
Dopamine deficient/depleted
Parkinson’s disease CM
Tremors - hand or arm one or both sides Bradykinesia (slow movements) starts with pill rolling in hands Onset after 50 stress/anxiety makes it work
Dolls Eyes Responses
Normal - head is turned/eyes turn to opposite side
Abnormal - head turned/eyes move all around
Absent - head turned/eyes straight ahead
IICP
symptoms are opposite of shock increased B/P Decreased Pulse Decreased respiration Cushings Triad
Hypotonia
Lack of muscle tone
Hypertonia
increased resistance to passive movement
TBI - Primary
die to impact
TBI - Secondary
due to hemorrhage
ischemia
infection
IICP
Skull fractures
break in skull
Skull fractures classifications
Linear - most common (hematoma formation) - heals on its own
CM: localized pain,Battles sign,
