Patho Flashcards
CO
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood that is pumped by the ventricles in 1 minute
SNS
Sympathetic Nervous system
μm
Micrometer
Beta 1
Think the heart. (there is only 1)
Causes the heart to be faster, harder/more forcefull and the signal travels faster
Primary survival response
Epinephrine is almost fully beta-1
Beta 2
Think the lungs. (there are 2 lungs)
Bronchodilates, increase resp. rate, increase resp. volume
albuterol has beta 2 in it
Cardiac preload
The pressure under which a ventricle fills is preload
Cardiac afterload
Afterload is the force against which the ventricles must contract to eject blood
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
is the powerful energy source of the body and used to drive chemical reactions
Anabolism
Building larger substances from smaller substances such as building proteins from amino acids
Necrosis
Tissue death
- Can happen from long-standing hypoxemia
- Dry gangrene
- Fat necrosis
- Liquification
Osmosis
the movement of a solvent (water) from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
- in the picture, water can move in and out but the molecules cannot. so because more molecules are outside the cell the water will leave the cell and make it shrink in sizing.
Osmotic pressure
is the pressure required to stop osmosis.
it prevents water from leaving a cell.
Hypertonic solution
has a greater concentration of sodium than does the cell. Water is drawn out of the cell, and the cell may collapse from the increased extracellular osmotic pressure
Hypotonic solution
has a lower concentration of sodium than does the cell. Water flows into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst from the increased intracellular osmotic pressure.
SV
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out by either ventricle in a single cardiac contraction (heartbeat).
D.I.C.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
First stage is where a lot of clotting happens but is quickly being broken down. This causes a lot of clotting factors to be use
Second stage is severe bleeding due to reduced clotting factors
Mortality rate of DIC is around 60% - 65%
Lymphocyte
Part of the inflammatory process and responsible for combating microorganisms that breach the epidermal layer (skin)
page 265
Thrombocyte
aka Platelets
Key component in the formation of clots or coagulation
page 335
Erythrocyte
aka Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Carry the largest amount of oxygen to tissues
Mitochondria
“Power house/plants of the cell”
Creates ATP
page 243
Thymus
Located in the mediastinum just behind the sternum
Helps the immune system identify and destroy foreign intruders
page 328
Tonsils
Helps filter bacteria and other foreign materials, especially from the mouth or nose
Hypokalemia
Low potassium level
More stimulation needed to fire nerve/muscle cells
Hyperkalemia
High potassium level
Less stimulation needed to fire nerve/muscle cells
Hypernatremia
High sodium level
Shrinking of cells caused by excessive water loss
Ejection fraction
The amount of blood returning to the right atrium varies somewhat from minute to minute, a normal heart continues to pump the same percentage of blood returned, a measure called the ejection fraction (EF)
Page 1583
Angiogenesis
Growth of new blood vessels
Diabetes mellitus 1 & 2
1 is when insulin is not produced at all and pts are insulin-dependent. Pt cannot make insulin on their own
2 is when pt is not insulin-dependent. Pt can make insulin on their own
IgM
Immunoglobulin M
Is the initial antibody formed in most infections
Accounts for 5% to 10% of the antibodies in the blood and is the dominant antibody of ABO (blood type) incompatibilities.
Fibrinolysis
The process of dissolving blood clots
Clot dissolving portion of coagulation
Activated to dissolve the fibrin
Break down of fibrin in blood clots and prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots
Sodium levels
136 - 146 mEq/L
When it snows they salt i-35 and i-45
Chloride levels
96 - 106 mEq/L
Take a ride to the pool when it’s 96-106 degrees
Potassium levels
3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L
Pre K to kindergarten are 3-5 years old
Calcium level
9 - 11 mg/dL
Cal 911
M.O.D.S.
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
2 or more organ or organ systems affected
It is when organs are without oxygen for a certain amount of time they die and there is extremely small way to reverse MODS
Carpopedal spasm
Contorted position in which the fingers or toes flex in a clawlike manner.
May result from hyperventilation, hypocalcemia, resp. alkalosis
Hyponatremia
Low sodium level
Swelling of cells
S&S muscle weakness, cramps, coma, convulsions
Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium level
Occurs as a result of kidney insufficiency. The body is unable to remove the magnesium taken in from food or drugs.
Lethargic, bit of shortness of breath, very little reflexes
Islets of Langerhans
Groups of specialized cells located in
the pancreas that produce insulin, glucagon, somatostatin,
and pancreatic polypeptide.
Hypothalamus
An area of the diencephalon (middle part of the brain) that is the primary link between the endocrine system and the nervous system; responsible for control of many body functions, including heart rate, digestion, sexual development, temperature
regulation, emotion, hunger, thirst, and regulation of the sleep cycle
Thyroid
Produces hormones that regulate the body’s metabolic rate-controlling heart, muscle and digestive function, brain development and bone maintenance, temp
Frank Starling law
When the heart is stretched it contracts harder
Think sarcomere
Magnesium levels
1.3 - 2.1
Chick magnet from 13 - 21
Nucleus
Genetic material is stored in the nucleus
Control center of the cell
Responsible for cell reproduction
pH
Negative logarithmic accumulation of the hydrogen ion
Acid / Base measurement.
Normal is 7.35 - 7.45
Edema
Occurs when there is an increase pressure of the venous vessels to where the arterial side cannot move fluid. This causes fluid to leak out of the vessels into the interstitial space
Net filtration
Total amount of pressure that causes fluid to go through a filter. Filter can be capillary beds, alveoli, ect.
Golgi apparatus
Membranous structure that resemble a stack of pancakes; found near the nucleus and serves to package and export proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum
Connected to the nuclear (nucleus) membrane and the cell membrane
Move substances and proteins through the cell
Plays a part in the detoxification process
Anaphylactic shock
Aka anaphylaxis
Widespread dilation of vessels. Blood pools since the container got bigger than the amount of fluid
Wheezing, urticaria, swelling
Treatment: Epinephrine
Septic shock
Aka sepsis
Fluid leaks out of the vascular system and causes low fluid in the container, bad infection in the blood
Warm hot skin, elevated core temp, hypotension, difficulty breathing, rapid weak pulse, shallow rapid respirations
Treatment: complex hospital management, including antibiotics, ventilators support
Neurogenic shock
Spinal cord injury of cervical or thoracic spine
Loss of sympathetic nervous system and vasodilation occur
Bradycardia, low BP, signs of neck/spine injury
Treatment: IV fluids, vasopressors, steroids
Hypovolemic shock
Aka burn shock, blood or fluid loss
The circulating blood is insufficient in adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body. Exogenous Hypovolemic shock - open wound blood loss or plasma loss from diarrhea or vomiting
Endogenous hypovolemic shock - blood/fluid loss contained in the body
Bleeding, burns, fast HR, low BP
Treatment: ABCs. Control the bleeding, keep airway open, keep pt warm, fluids, surgery
Cardiogenic shock
Heart can out circulate enough blood to the body
Caused by a loss of 40% or more of the heart muscle due to shock, surgery, cardiac arrest, ventricular wall rupture, ventricular aneurysm
Chest pain, irregular pulse, weak pulse, low BP, cyanosis, cool, clammy, mottled or flushed skin, anxiety, Arles, pulmonary edema
Treatment: if lungs are clear can give fluids, CPAP/BPAP
Obstructive shock
Occurs when the blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels
Pulmonary embolism, tension pneumothorax, pericardial tamponade
Distributive shock
Occurs when widespread dilation of the resistant vessels
Anaphylactic shock, septic shock, neurogenic shock
Compensated shock
Body is able to compensate for blood loss (15% - 30% blood loss)
BP is above 90 SBP - remains normal or a bit elevated narrowing pulse pressure
RR increase and depth
Positive orthodontic tilt test
Decompensated shock
Aka uncompensated, progressive, hypotensive shock
BP falling - Less than 90 SBP - can be late sign especially in children and infants
Blood volume drops more than 30%
Compensatory mechs begin to fail
Irreversible shock
Impending death
BP very low 40% + blood volume loss
Blood gets shunted away from liver, kidney and lungs to preserve the heart and the brain
Aggressive treatment may not work since there could be vital organ damage even if the cause of shock is treated and reversed
RAAS
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Controls long term BP. Slower acting.
Sodium potassium pump
3 sodium leave the cell and 2 potassium enter the cell. Uses 1 ATP to activate.
Sarcomere
Only found in heart and skeletal muscle
Contracts and expands.
