Pathboth

Question 1

What is the commonest cause of Courvoisier’s Law?

Answer 1

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma / Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas – this is the commonest pancreatic cancer that is consistent with Courvoisier’s Law that a palpable painless gallbladder is unlikely to be caused by gallstones.

Question 2

What cluster of differentiation is always present on T-cells?

Answer 2

CD3

Question 3

What is the most significant independent risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Answer 3

Family history

Question 4

What enzyme deficiency causes Gilbert’s syndrome?

Answer 4

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1

Question 5

What is the difference between the T-score and Z-score r.e. osteoporosis?

Answer 5

• T-score – standard deviations from mean of young healthy population(useful to determine fracture risk)
• Z-score – standard deviations from mean of aged-matched control(useful to identify accelerated bone loss in younger patients, and diagnose)

T-score is used to diagnose:

Osteoporosisis defined as a T-score of less than -2.5

Osteopeniais defined as a T-score between -1 & -2.5