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Path/Pharm Unit/Exam 1 > Path Unit 1 Basic > Flashcards

Path Unit 1 Basic Flashcards

1
Q

Study and function of living matter.

A

Physiology

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2
Q

Energy and matter being organized.

A

Life

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3
Q

Conditions remain constant in the internal environment.

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

Proteins that catalyze biochemical processes.

A

Enzymes

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5
Q

Shape, size & structure of a cell.

A

Morphology

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6
Q

Positively charged Ions.

A

Cations

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7
Q

Negatively charged Ions.

A

Anions

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8
Q

Number of charges.

A

Valence

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9
Q

The charged particles of living systems that can conduct electricity.

A

Electrolytes.

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10
Q

TBW for adults:

A

57% of adult body is water. Total of 40 liters in average adult. ECF=15 Liters/40% TBW (plasma=3L, Interstitial=12L). ICF=25 Liters/60% TBW.

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11
Q

TBW for children:

A

ECF=60%, ICF=40%. This is why children can dehydrate so quickly.

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12
Q

Primary composition of ECF:

A

Na+, HCO3-, Cl-, Nutrients, Glucose, Albumin.

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13
Q

Primary composition of ICF:

A

K+, PO4-, Anions (including proteins with neg charges).

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14
Q

Number of osmotically active particles per weight of water.

A

Osmolarity/tonicity.

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15
Q

Liberating and storing energy derived from foodstuffs.

A

Respiration

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16
Q

A hydrogen atom with its electron removed.

A

A proton (hydrogen ion/hydronium ion).

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17
Q

Can accept a proton (H+).

A

Base/alkali.

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18
Q

Can give up a proton (H+).

A

Acid.

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19
Q

When chemical substances that break apart.

A

Dissociate.

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20
Q

What is left over after an acid has lost a proton or a base has gained a proton.

A

Conjugate base.

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21
Q

Normal blood pH:

A

7.38-7.42.

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22
Q

Normal physiologic pH (Homeostasis).

A

7.4.

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23
Q

Proteins contain these elements:

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.

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24
Q

These bring substrates together and speed up chemical reactions.

A

Enzymes.

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25
Q

Synthesized in a gland and released in the bloodstream to have action upon other body systems.

A

Hormones and messengers.

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26
Q

The purpose of Homeostasis (3 reasons):

A
  1. Maintain pH. 2. Maintain membrane electrical charge. 3. Maintain temperature.
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27
Q

Resist a change in pH when acid or base is added.

A

Buffers.

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28
Q

Three types of Buffers:

A
  1. Chemical. 2. Respiratory (physical buffer). 3. Renal (metabolic buffer).
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29
Q

Have a defined nucleus.

A

Eukaryotes.

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30
Q

No well-defined nucleus.

A

Prokaryotes.

31
Q

Three places proteins can be in the cell membrane:

A
  1. Integral (closer to inside of cell). 2. Peripheral (towards outside). 3. Transmembrane (middle of cell membrane).
32
Q

The 10 cellular components:

A
  1. Cell membrane. 2. Nucleus. 3. Ribosomes. 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough-proteins & smooth-hormones, lipids, detox). 5. Golgi Apparatus. 6. Lysosomes. 7. Peroxisomes. 8. Mitchondria. 9. Cytoskeleton. 10. Cellular receptors.
33
Q

A substance that can bind to a receptor.

A

Ligand.

34
Q

Comes from outside of the body (like a drug).

A

Exogenous.

35
Q

Created within the body (like a hormone).

A

Endogenous.

36
Q

Proteins of each cell membrane that are directly linked.

A

Gap Junctions.

37
Q

These are ligand-activated ion-gated channels.

A

Channel-linked receptors.

38
Q

These turn on the enzyme action, such as protein kinases.

A

Catalytic receptors.

39
Q

These interact with intracellular cAMP pathway to produce cAMP or causes Calcium release from storage site in the cell.

A

G-protein linked receptors.

40
Q

Three types of signaling pathways:

A
  1. Endocrine path (hormones travel in bloodstream). 2. Paracrine path (contact signaling by local chemical transmitters). 3. Synaptic path (neurotransmitters released at chemical synapses).
41
Q

The sequence of multiple enzymatic steps.

A

Metabolic/Biochemical Pathway.

42
Q

Building up, storage, synthesis of new matter, growth.

A

Anabolism.

43
Q

Breaking down, utilizing stored materials, deriving energy for life.

A

Catabolism.

44
Q

What the enzymes are working on.

A

Substrate.

45
Q

Proteins that make these biochemical processes go faster.

A

Enzymes.

46
Q

Final result of metabolic pathway (this is the substance the body needs).

A

Final Product.

47
Q

Intermediate products that provide the substrate for the next enzyme in the biochemical pathway.

A

Intermediate metabolites.

48
Q

Breaking down nutrients into building blocks using enzymes.

A

Digestion.

49
Q

Basic molecules of Proteins.

A

Amino Acids.

50
Q

Basic molecules of Fats.

A

Fatty acids and Glycerol.

51
Q

Basic molecules of Carbohydrates.

A

Polysaccharides (simple sugars). (Glucose, Maltose, Starch).

52
Q

Breathing in and out of the lungs.

A

Ventilation.

53
Q

First step in Cellular Respiration. Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, uses cytoplasmic enzymes to break glucose cell bonds and release energy. Pyruvate and Acelty CoA are created.

A

Glycolysis. (anaerobic)

54
Q

Second step in Cellular Respiration.

A

Oxidative Metabolism. (aerobic)

55
Q

More energy is produced by breaking down acetyl CoA and Pyruvate in the Mitochondria.

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation (Citric Acid Cycle).

56
Q

NADH and NADPH that was made earlier produces ATP by transferring electrons from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.

A

Electron Transport Chain (using cytochrome).

57
Q

Is used in substances that allow the cell to store and utilize oxygen. Porphyrins combine with Fe.

A

Cytochrome.

58
Q

How many ATP can be made for one molecule of Glucose?

A

30-38. Average about 30.

59
Q

Main ICF Cation:

A

K+.

60
Q

Main ECF Cation:

A

Na+.

61
Q

The portion of a liquid.

A

Aliquot.

62
Q

Difference in concentration of solutes on either side of a barrier.

A

Concentration Gradient/Diffusion.

63
Q

Diffusion down a concentration gradient, involves no energy.

A

Passive Transport.

64
Q

No energy needed to transfer in and out of cell.

A

Passive carrier-mediated transport.

65
Q

Needs a carrier protein to transfer in or out of cell. Uses ATP.

A

Active carrier-mediated transport.

66
Q

One substance uses a carrier protein while another substance comes along in the same direction.

A

Co-transport.

67
Q

One substance uses a carrier protein while another substance comes along in the opposite direction.

A

Counter-transport.

68
Q

Vesicle brings large particles into the cell.

A

Endocytosis (pinocystosis=drinking, phagocytosis=eating).

69
Q

Vesicle expels large particles out of the cell.

A

Exocytosis.

70
Q

This activates other cellular molecules by phosphorylation.

A

Kinase.

71
Q

A substance that will activate a receptor.

A

Agonist.

72
Q

A substance that will prevent receptor activation.

A

Antagonist.

73
Q

Cells can increase the number of available receptors by synthesizing more receptors, or reducing destruction of old receptors.

A

Up regulation.

74
Q

Cell synthesizes less receptors, or increases endocytosis of existing cell receptors to destroy old receptors.

A

Down regulation.

Path/Pharm Unit/Exam 1 (5 decks)

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