Path Unit 1 Basic Flashcards
Study and function of living matter.
Physiology
Energy and matter being organized.
Life
Conditions remain constant in the internal environment.
Homeostasis
Proteins that catalyze biochemical processes.
Enzymes
Shape, size & structure of a cell.
Morphology
Positively charged Ions.
Cations
Negatively charged Ions.
Anions
Number of charges.
Valence
The charged particles of living systems that can conduct electricity.
Electrolytes.
TBW for adults:
57% of adult body is water. Total of 40 liters in average adult. ECF=15 Liters/40% TBW (plasma=3L, Interstitial=12L). ICF=25 Liters/60% TBW.
TBW for children:
ECF=60%, ICF=40%. This is why children can dehydrate so quickly.
Primary composition of ECF:
Na+, HCO3-, Cl-, Nutrients, Glucose, Albumin.
Primary composition of ICF:
K+, PO4-, Anions (including proteins with neg charges).
Number of osmotically active particles per weight of water.
Osmolarity/tonicity.
Liberating and storing energy derived from foodstuffs.
Respiration
A hydrogen atom with its electron removed.
A proton (hydrogen ion/hydronium ion).
Can accept a proton (H+).
Base/alkali.
Can give up a proton (H+).
Acid.
When chemical substances that break apart.
Dissociate.
What is left over after an acid has lost a proton or a base has gained a proton.
Conjugate base.
Normal blood pH:
7.38-7.42.
Normal physiologic pH (Homeostasis).
7.4.
Proteins contain these elements:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.
These bring substrates together and speed up chemical reactions.
Enzymes.
Synthesized in a gland and released in the bloodstream to have action upon other body systems.
Hormones and messengers.
The purpose of Homeostasis (3 reasons):
- Maintain pH. 2. Maintain membrane electrical charge. 3. Maintain temperature.
Resist a change in pH when acid or base is added.
Buffers.
Three types of Buffers:
- Chemical. 2. Respiratory (physical buffer). 3. Renal (metabolic buffer).
Have a defined nucleus.
Eukaryotes.
No well-defined nucleus.
Prokaryotes.
Three places proteins can be in the cell membrane:
- Integral (closer to inside of cell). 2. Peripheral (towards outside). 3. Transmembrane (middle of cell membrane).
The 10 cellular components:
- Cell membrane. 2. Nucleus. 3. Ribosomes. 4. Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough-proteins & smooth-hormones, lipids, detox). 5. Golgi Apparatus. 6. Lysosomes. 7. Peroxisomes. 8. Mitchondria. 9. Cytoskeleton. 10. Cellular receptors.
A substance that can bind to a receptor.
Ligand.
Comes from outside of the body (like a drug).
Exogenous.
Created within the body (like a hormone).
Endogenous.
Proteins of each cell membrane that are directly linked.
Gap Junctions.
These are ligand-activated ion-gated channels.
Channel-linked receptors.
These turn on the enzyme action, such as protein kinases.
Catalytic receptors.
These interact with intracellular cAMP pathway to produce cAMP or causes Calcium release from storage site in the cell.
G-protein linked receptors.
Three types of signaling pathways:
- Endocrine path (hormones travel in bloodstream). 2. Paracrine path (contact signaling by local chemical transmitters). 3. Synaptic path (neurotransmitters released at chemical synapses).
The sequence of multiple enzymatic steps.
Metabolic/Biochemical Pathway.
Building up, storage, synthesis of new matter, growth.
Anabolism.
Breaking down, utilizing stored materials, deriving energy for life.
Catabolism.
What the enzymes are working on.
Substrate.
Proteins that make these biochemical processes go faster.
Enzymes.
Final result of metabolic pathway (this is the substance the body needs).
Final Product.
Intermediate products that provide the substrate for the next enzyme in the biochemical pathway.
Intermediate metabolites.
Breaking down nutrients into building blocks using enzymes.
Digestion.
Basic molecules of Proteins.
Amino Acids.
Basic molecules of Fats.
Fatty acids and Glycerol.
Basic molecules of Carbohydrates.
Polysaccharides (simple sugars). (Glucose, Maltose, Starch).
Breathing in and out of the lungs.
Ventilation.
First step in Cellular Respiration. Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, uses cytoplasmic enzymes to break glucose cell bonds and release energy. Pyruvate and Acelty CoA are created.
Glycolysis. (anaerobic)
Second step in Cellular Respiration.
Oxidative Metabolism. (aerobic)
More energy is produced by breaking down acetyl CoA and Pyruvate in the Mitochondria.
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Citric Acid Cycle).
NADH and NADPH that was made earlier produces ATP by transferring electrons from a higher energy state to a lower energy state.
Electron Transport Chain (using cytochrome).
Is used in substances that allow the cell to store and utilize oxygen. Porphyrins combine with Fe.
Cytochrome.
How many ATP can be made for one molecule of Glucose?
30-38. Average about 30.
Main ICF Cation:
K+.
Main ECF Cation:
Na+.
The portion of a liquid.
Aliquot.
Difference in concentration of solutes on either side of a barrier.
Concentration Gradient/Diffusion.
Diffusion down a concentration gradient, involves no energy.
Passive Transport.
No energy needed to transfer in and out of cell.
Passive carrier-mediated transport.
Needs a carrier protein to transfer in or out of cell. Uses ATP.
Active carrier-mediated transport.
One substance uses a carrier protein while another substance comes along in the same direction.
Co-transport.
One substance uses a carrier protein while another substance comes along in the opposite direction.
Counter-transport.
Vesicle brings large particles into the cell.
Endocytosis (pinocystosis=drinking, phagocytosis=eating).
Vesicle expels large particles out of the cell.
Exocytosis.
This activates other cellular molecules by phosphorylation.
Kinase.
A substance that will activate a receptor.
Agonist.
A substance that will prevent receptor activation.
Antagonist.
Cells can increase the number of available receptors by synthesizing more receptors, or reducing destruction of old receptors.
Up regulation.
Cell synthesizes less receptors, or increases endocytosis of existing cell receptors to destroy old receptors.
Down regulation.
