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Pathophysiology > Path Theory Test Review #2 > Flashcards

Path Theory Test Review #2 Flashcards

1
Q 
Gap Junctions
Desmosomes
Tight Junctions
- Tensile Strength
- Limit Passage of Substances
- Allows passage of substances b/t cells
A

Gap Junctions - Allows passage of substances b/t cells
Desmosomes - Tensile Strength
Tight Junctions - Limit passage of substances

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2
Q

Components of a Solution

A

Solute

Solvent

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3
Q

List examples of Passive Transport

A
  • Osmosis
  • Filtration
  • Diffusion
  • Facilitated Diffusion
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4
Q

What is Passive Transport

A

Movement of substances along a concentration gradient.

Does not require energy

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5
Q

Which statement regarding the regeneration of cells is true?
A) Healing by 2nd intention results in the regeneration of parenchyma
B) Healing by 1st intention results in fibrosis
C) Stroma is functional tissue
D) Labile cells predominately undergo healing by 1st intention

A

D) Labile cells predominately undergo healing by 1st intention

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6
Q

What are the 3 processes of endocytosis? How are they different?

A

Phagocytosis - Large particles
Pinocytosis - Ingestion of small fluid particles
Receptor mediated endocytosis

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7
Q

What is the approximate fluid volume of the body?

A

40 L

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8
Q

List the types of intercellular accumulation

A

Normal Endogenous
Abnormal Endogenous
Exogenous

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9
Q

Describe the types of Intercellular Accumulation

A

Normal Endogenous - Substances produced in excess - obesity
Abnormal Endogenous - Substances that cannot be metabolized
Exogenous - Cannot be digested

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10
Q

Is Inflammation a common response to injury

A

Yes

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11
Q

True or False

Hydrolytic enzymes in secondary lysosomes are active

A

True

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12
Q

Jimmy just scraped his knee biking around town. What process helps prevent blood loss?

A

Hemostasis

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13
Q

List examples of non-specific & specific responses to injury

A

Non-specific - Phagocytosis
Non-specific - Inflammation, Barrier properties of skin, secretions of skin
Specific - Antibody-Antigen binding

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14
Q

What is the 1st line of defence for non-specific response to injury?

A

Barrier properties of skin

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15
Q

What is the 2nd line of defence for non-specific responses to injury?

A

Phagocytosis, Inflammation

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16
Q

What is the 3rd line of defence for specific responses to injury?

A

Antibody-Antigen Binding

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17
Q

True or False

All WBC’s are capable of phagocytosis

A

False

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18
Q

What type of WBC’s cannot do phagocytosis?

A

Lymphocytes

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19
Q

What types of Gangrene are there?

A
  • Wet
  • Dry
  • Gaseous
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20
Q

Which gangrene can be caused by frostbite?

A

Dry

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21
Q

Which one of the following is NOT an active mode of transport?

  • Symport
  • Antiport
  • Solute pumping
  • Filtration
A

Filtration

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22
Q

List agents of injury

A
  • Physical
  • Chemical
  • Biological
  • Nutritional imbalances
  • Radiation
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23
Q

What is an example of a physical agent of injury?

A

High temperatures, electricity

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24
Q

What is an example of a Chemical agent of injury?

A

Acids, Bases

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25
Q

What is a Biological agent of injury?

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites

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26
Q

What is an example of a nutritional imbalance agent of injury?

A

Obesity, Starvation, Iron deficiency

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27
Q

What is an example of a Radiation agent of injury?

A

UV Radiation, Radioactive materials

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28
Q

Which exudate has a lot of pus and white blood cells

A

Purulent

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29
Q

Which one of the following fluids contains very little protein?

  • Cytoplasm
  • Interstitial
  • Blood Plasma
  • Cytosol
A

Interstitial

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30
Q

Is minor osmotic imbalances reversible or irreversible cell injury?

A

Reversible

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31
Q

Is partial loss of protein synthesis reversible or irreversible cell injury?

A

Reversible

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32
Q

Is the release of Lysosomal enzymes in the cell a reversible or irreversible cell injury?

A

Irreversible

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33
Q

Is slight changes in sodium ion concentrations a reversible or irreversible cell injury?

A

Reversible

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34
Q

What are 5 main types of connective tissue?

A
  • Cartilage
  • Dense Connective Tissue Proper
  • Loose Connective Tissue Proper
  • Blood
  • Bone
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35
Q

Describe Cartilage

A

Resilient, resistant to compression

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36
Q

Describe Dense Connective Tissue Proper

A

Great tensile strength

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37
Q

Describe Loose Connective Tissue Proper

A

Surrounds blood vessels, Storage

38
Q

Describe Blood

A

Fluid containing WBC’s and RBC’s, Transports O2 & Nutrients

39
Q

Describe Bone

A

Storage place for Calcium, Protective, Site of blood cell formation

40
Q

Name and describe the effect on CT in the final two phases in the inflammatory response

A

Proliferative Phase: Fibroblasts active, Initiates Fibrosis (forms scar tissue)

Remodelling Phase: Collagen synthesis & degradation

41
Q

Define Fibrosis

A

How scar tissue is formed

42
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  • Heat
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Pain
43
Q

Which cardinal signs of inflammation are directly caused by vasodilation?

A

Redness & Heat

44
Q

Place the following stages of acute inflammation in the correct order
Vascular Response, Cellular Response, Proliferative Phase, Inflammatory Phase, Remodelling Phase

A
  • Inflammatory Phase
  • Vascular Response
  • Cellular Response
  • Proliferative Phase
  • Remodelling Phase
45
Q

What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?

A

Body’s normal response to injury

Isolates injurious agent, keeping it local

46
Q

What characterizes the CIR

A

Scar tissue

47
Q

What characterizes the AIR

A

Edema

48
Q

Breakdown the fluid content of the body into a percentage of intracellular fluid & one of extracellular fluid

A

40% Intracellular Fluid

60% Extracellular Fluid

49
Q

Cell membranes are mainly composed of which macromolecules

A

Phospholipids, glycolipids

50
Q

What percentage of body fluid is comprised of intracellular fluid?

A

70%

51
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

Normal output of fluid into the Interstitial space is equal to the uptake by blood vessels

52
Q

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

A

Filtration of water from capillaries into Interstitial Space

53
Q

What is Osmotic Pressure?

A

Draws water back into blood vessels (venous end)

54
Q

What is Net Filtration pressure?

A

Determines the direction and amount of fluid moving into the Interstitial Space and back into circulation

55
Q

What is Anascara?

A

Generalized Edema, secondary to organ or organ system dysfunction (including lymphatic system)

56
Q

What are the 4 major causes of Edema?

A

Increased blood HP (BP) in capillaries
Decreased concentration of plasma proteins
Increased capillary permeability
Blockage of lymphatic vessels

57
Q

True or False

Lymph flows from tissues back to the heart in a series of converging vessels

A

True

58
Q

True or False

The one-way system begins in a series of close-ended tubes (lymph capillaries)

A

True

59
Q

True or False

Lymph capillaries have thick vessel walls, rendering them semi-permeable

A

False

60
Q

True or False

The capillaries collect excess interstitial fluid

A

True

61
Q

True or False
Endothelial cells forming lymph capillary walls are tightly linked to prevent excessive movement of fluids into and out of the structure

A

False

62
Q

True or False

In general, Lymph collecting vessels carry fluid from the tissue spaces to the lymph trunks

A

True

63
Q

True or False

The thoracic duct drains only the left side of the body

A

False

64
Q

True or False

The right lymphatic ducts drains the right upper body

A

True

65
Q

True or False
Lymphatic drainage is important in swollen tissues because it allows removal of proteins and cellular debris from interstitial spaces

A

True

66
Q

What are endogenous injurious agents

A

Injurious agents that arise from cellular metabolism, I.E, waste products

67
Q

What are Exogenous injurious agents

A

Injurious agents that are introduced from the outside world by ingestion, inhalation or injection

68
Q

What are 7 causes of inflammation

A

Trauma/Injury, Surgery, Infection, Corrosive Chemicals, Temperature extremes, Immune responses, Ischemia

69
Q

Name 4 characteristics of acute inflammatory response

A

Short term, Exhibit cardinal symptoms, Rapid onset and Resolution

70
Q

Name 3 characteristics of Chronic inflammatory response

A

Infiltration by macrophages and lymphocytes, proliferation of fibroblasts (scarring), long term

71
Q

What are granular leukocytes

A

Spherical, cytoplasmic granules, all are phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

72
Q

What are agranular leukocytes

A

Lack visible granules, functionally distinct, examples include lymphocytes (AB production) and Monocytes (phagocytes)

73
Q

Why is there a greater chance of scarring in Chronic Inflammation

A

Fibroblastic activity, fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis cause scarring

74
Q

What is Granuloma

A

A mass of granulation tissue, typically produced in response to infection, inflammation, or presence of a foreign substance

75
Q

Name four mechanisms of cell injury - interference with…

A

Membrane function
Energy Production
Protein Synthesis
Cell Replication

76
Q

What are the major causes of cell injury

A

Ischemia and Hypoxia

77
Q

What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury

A

Reversible injury - Cells return to pre injury functioning, or adapt to the new condition at a functional level
Irreversible - Leads to cell death (necrosis)

78
Q

What are lysosomes and what are their function?

A

Sub-cellular organelles responsible for clearing the cell of harmful, injurious agents

79
Q

Why are lysosomal enzymes called pro-enzymes?

A

Pro-enzymes are inactive enzymes - a protective mechanism preventing digestion of cellular components. Activation of lysosomal enzymes results in breakdown of foreign substances, or digestion of damaged cellular components

80
Q

What happens when osmotic balance of cells is disrupted?

A

Cells will swell and take on water

81
Q

What are two types of cells found in tissue? Give examples

A

Parenchyma - functional cells, ex - neurons,skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

Stroma - Structural cells, supporting cells, ex - cells in connective tissue, fibroblasts, chondroblasts

82
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in terms of regeneration capability?

A

Labile - Ongoing ability to reproduce
Stabile - Ability to regenerate when needed
Permanent - unable to regenerate, ex - cardiac and skeletal muscle, nerve cells

83
Q

What are macrophages

A

Large phagocytic cells that clear the body of foreign debris

84
Q

Loose connective tissue: I am widespread, I act to support and bind structures throughout the body

A

Areolar CT

85
Q

Loose Connective Tissue:
I am similar to another form of loose connective tissue, but I’ve been modified for nutrient storage. I’m not very lean, in fact I’m mostly made up of fats

A

Adipose CT

86
Q

Loose Connective Tissue:

I am a fine network that forms the internal supporting framework of lymphoid organs

A

Reticular CT

87
Q

Dense Connective Tissue:
Composed of closely packed collagen arranged in parallel bundles. I’m flexible and incredibly strong. High tensile strength can resist longitudinal stress. Found in structures such as tendons, ligaments and aponeurosis

A

Regular CT

88
Q

Dense Connective Tissue:
Composed of collagen fibres that are laid down randomly. Irregular structure allows me to be flexible. I can be found in the dermis and fibrous joint capsules. Can also be found in an organ capsule, fascia and periosteum

A

Irregular CT

89
Q

Dense Connective Tissue:
Contain a particular fibre that gives me rubbery and flexibility. Can be found in blood vessel walls, the Ligamentum Nuchae and the Ligamentum Flava

A

Elastic CT

90
Q

Which tissues are Ectoderm

A
  • Epidermis of skin
  • Nervous tissue
  • Structures associated with the epidermis
91
Q

Which tissues are Mesoderm

A
  • Blood
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle
  • Skeletal Muscle
92
Q

Which tissues are Endoderm

A
  • Epithelial tissue lining body organs

- Epithelium of Oral and Nasal cavities

Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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