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Respiratory Block > Path of Acute Pulmonary Infections > Flashcards

Path of Acute Pulmonary Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What is Laryngeotracheitis?

A

It is a heterogenous group of illnesses that affect the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lung parenchyma.

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2
Q

What is the etiology of laryngeotrachietis?

A

MC caused by viral (parainfluenza)

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3
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Laryngotrachietis?

A

There is viral infection –> interstitial inflammation of the upper airway with edema formation and infiltration of inflammatory cell –> smooth muscle thickening to produce wet cough–> narrowing of vocal cords + subglottic airway (inspiratory strifdor-larynx obstruction) and increased work of breathing

can lead to ARDS with hyaline membranes

atelectasis

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4
Q

What are the clinical features of laryngeotracheitis?

A

The clinical features of laryngeotrachietis is that is affects children, gradual onset (barking cough, inspiratory stridor–> worse at night

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5
Q

For croup, what happens in moderate to severe cases?

A

In moderate to severe cases, there is subcostal and intercostal retractions –> respiratory hypoxia/death

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6
Q

What is acute bronchitis?

A

Self limiting inflammation of the bronchi due to URI

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7
Q

What is the etiology of acute bronchitis?

A

It is parainfluenza, influenza A and B

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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Acute Bronchitis?

A

It is caused by bronchial inflammation –> ciliary inhibition and mucous production. Necrotic Epithelium sheds into pus, dead PMNs slough into mucus, and yellow green sputum is coughed up.

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9
Q

What is the morphology found in acute bronchitis?

A

Macroscopically: there is mucosal airway that is inflamed and congested.

Microscopically: There is small lobular bronchi/bronchioles filled with purulent exudate ( protein rich fluid and many neutrophils)

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10
Q

What are the clinical features of the Acute Bronchitis?

A

It is basically when there is cough lasting for more than 5 days ( 1-3 weeks) asscoiated with sputum production.

The treatment is supportive care.

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11
Q

What is the definition of pneumonia?

A

The definition of pneumonia is when there is inflammation of the lung parenchyma and is classified by etiological agent to determine tx.

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12
Q

What are the different types of pneumonia?

A 
Community acquired pneumonia 
Health care associated 
Hospital Acquired 
Aspiration
Necrotizing pneumonia and lung abscess 
Immunocompromised host pneumonia 
Chronic pneumonia
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13
Q

Community Acquired (CAP) is what?

A

Outside hospital in otherwise healthy with no health care association.

MCC bacterial strep pneumo. Atypical pneumonia ( mycoplasma pneumoniae), viral (COVID-19) legionella

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14
Q

Health Care-Associated

A

Nursing facility or outpatient hospital visit in last 30 days

MCC staph aureus (usually MRSA)

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15
Q

Hospital Acquired

A

HAP–> life threatening

Hospital stay usually first 48 hours. MCC staph aureus + strep pneumo+ pseudomonas (gram negative)

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16
Q

Aspiration

A

anaerobic flora

17
Q

Necrotizing pneumonia and lung abcess

A

Staph aureus

18
Q

Immunocompromised host pneumonia

A

CMV, Pneumocystis jiroveci

19
Q

Chronic pneumonia

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

20
Q

What are the clinical features of the pneumonia?

A

Fever, Sputum could indicate type of infection, and we cough, and depends on bug

21
Q

What are the patterns of bacterial pneumonia?

A

Patchy consolidation.

Multilobar or bilateral.

Macroscopic: well developed lesions, elevated, dry grey-yellow, poor margins, centered around bronchiole

Microscopic: Neutrophil rich exudate fills bronchi/bronchiole and adjacent space

22
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

consolidation of lobe. Containes to one lobe.

Macro/micro findings depends on stage of the inflammatory response (high yield) -next slide

23
Q

Look at the chart and memorize for the patterns of bacterial pneumonia (lobar)

A

look at chart

24
Q

What is interstitial pneumonia?

A

Pathogenesis is alveolar type 1 cell damage –> edema–> hyaline membrane formation + ACE receptor stimulation –> causes hyperplasia of Type 2 cells + interstitial inflammation/capillary dilation/ recruitment of monocytes –> interstitial edema –> usually resolves spontaneously w/ supportive care or can cause fibrosis /ARDS/death

25
Q

What is Mycoplasma Pneumonia and whom is it found in mostly?

A

It is walking pneumonia and is mainly found in children

26
Q

What is the morphology of Mycoplasma Pneumonia?

What is the microscopic findings in mycoplasma pneuomoniae?

A

Congested, patchy, no pleuritis.

It is bronchiolitis, interstitial and some intra-alveolar involvement.

27
Q

What is a lung Abcess?

A

Local suppurative/pus process that produces necrosis of lung tissue

28
Q

What is the etiology of Lung abcess

A

Aerobic bacteria (S.Aureus and Strep) and anaerobes from oral cavity.

29
Q

What is the common cause of lung abcess?

A

It can be caused by aspiration of infected material (RLL upright, RUL/ML if recumbant

Post pneumonic: after lung infection –> multiple, basal and diffusely scattered

Primary cryptogenic

Neoplasia (post-obstructive pneumonia)

Septic Emboli (multiple and diffusely scattered)

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of lung abcess

A

infection –> pneumonia–> damage–> necrosis

31
Q

What is the morphology of pneumonia?

A

Microscopic is suppurative destruction of the lung tissue within a central area of cavitation –> gangrene –> fibroblastic proliferation –> fibrous wall

32
Q

What are the clinical features of lung abcess?

A

Copious amounts of foul smelling sputum

33
Q

What are the three types of chronic fungal pneumonias?

A

They are basically histoplasma capsulatum, coccidioides immitis, and blastomyces dermatitidis

34
Q

What are the clinical features of chronic fungal/systemic mycosis?

A

It is basically a true pathogen–> infects healthy people, but more common in immunocompromised

Respiratory Block (12 decks)

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