Path I

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

a complex cytologic and histologic process involving blood vessels and tissues near a site of injury that is intended to destroy invaders and/or remove damaged tissue and initiate the repair process

Question 2

acute inflammation: what kind of a process? What kind of cells? Timing?

Answer 2

exudative process (exudative: oozing of fluid or other materials from cells/tissues)
fluid and leukocytes, esp. neutrophils, leave circ and go to site of tissue damage
rapid onset
short duration (<48 hrs)

Question 3

chronic inflammation: what kind of process? what kind of cells? timing?

Answer 3

proliferative process
inflammatory cells coexist (macrophages and leukocytes) coexist with repair processes (fibroblast prolif. and angiogenesis).
may follow unresolved acute inflammation or arise as the primary inflammatory response
slow onset and prolonged duration

Question 4

abscess

Answer 4

pus- accumulation of dead tissue cells, inflammatory cells, and pathogen within a cavity formed by the disintegration of the tissue. surrounded by fibroblast prolif. and collagen

Question 5

coagulative necrosis

Answer 5

cell death with denaturation and coagulation of cell proteins leading to preservation of cellular architecture with increased eosinophilic staining of the cytoplasm and loss of nuclear staining. (pink fuzzy stuff)

Question 6

caseous necrosis

Answer 6

cell death with loss of cell structure but with coagulation of cell debris- friable, crumbly material like cottage cheese

Question 7

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 7

cell death with loss of cell structure and reduction of cell debris by proteolysis to a liquid soup of small molecs

Question 8

transudate

Answer 8

watery fluid accumulating in tissues- usually the result of increased hydrostatic pressure or low plasma osmolarity

Question 9

exudate

Answer 9

fluid accumulation in tissue due to incr. vascular permeability. high protein content; usually accompanied by inflam. cells

Question 10

chemotaxis

Answer 10

locomotion directed along a chemical gradient

Question 11

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation>

Answer 11

redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 12

Why are fluids important in terms of inflammation?

Answer 12

easier passage of cells through the ECM
carries plasma proteins to the site of injury
dilutes toxins/chemical mediators of inflammation

Question 13

neutrophils: what kind of inflammation? what do they do? Time scale?

Answer 13

primary effector cells of acute inflammation
engulfment and destruction of bacteria and cell debris
predominate 24-48 hrs, then apoptose and replaced by macrophages
may continue to predominate in some infections

Question 14

monocyte/macrophages: what kind of inflammation? time scale? what do they do? how are they different from each other?

Answer 14

predominant cells of chronic inflammation
seen in larger numbers 48-72 hrs after acute infections and from the start in primary chronic infections
engulf and destroy invaders and cell debris bu also activate and present antigens to the lymphocytes
orchestrate cell mediated/humoral immunity
monocytes differentiate in the tissues into macrophages

Question 15

lymphocytes: what kind of inflammation? What do they do?

Answer 15

chronic inflammation
cell-mediated cytotoxicity, stimulate and are stimulated by macrophages, make INs and IFNs. T and B cells are effectors of the humoral response.

Question 16

Eosinophils: what kind of inflammation? What do they do?

Answer 16

chronic inflammation, esp. against parasitic infection

secrete major basic protein= toxic to parasites (and also many host cells)

Question 17

Basophils/Mast cells: what do they do?

Answer 17

produce histamine and other vascular response mediators. can produce proinflammatory cytokines in chronic inflammation

Question 18

Fibroblasts: inflammation type; role

Answer 18

chronic inflam
proliferate to initiate the repair process
produce collagen to aid in wound closure, scar formation, and wall of granulomas/mature abscesses

Question 19

Acute inflammation: goals, factors involved

Answer 19

gaol: be fast, destroy/remove invaders or damaged tissues, and then disappear to allow healing.
accomplished by RAPID VASCULAR CHANGES to allow neutrophils, plasma proteins, and water access

Question 20

acute inflammation: what is needed?

Answer 20

BLOOD SUPPLY
this is a VASCULAR process
in avascular or dead tissue, acute inflammation will not occur or occurs only at the periphery

Question 21

What cells are the hallmark of acute inflammation?

Answer 21

neutrophils
efficient phagocytes that can destro bacteria and in small amts necrotic tissue
apoptose after 48-72 hrs

Question 22

What happens during the process of chronic inflammation (ie. goals)? When might it occur?

Answer 22

prolonged inflammatory response to continued tissue injury where the removal of invaders or injured tissue occurs simultaneously with attempts at tissue repair
may follow prolonged acute inflammation or may be a primary response to some injuries

Question 23

What kind of response is chronic inflammation? What is the hallmark cell? What are important features of how that cell gets to site of inflammation?

Answer 23

cellular response
macrophage
more can be reruited through the influx of monocytes from circulation, which turn into macrophages. macrophages can proliferate in tissue via cell division.

Question 24

What is granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 24

aggregation of epithelioid macrophages surrounded by a a collar of lymphocytes. may have central necrosis, which may be either liquefactive or caseous

Question 25

What are epithelioid macrophages?

Answer 25

transformed macrophages with a pale pink finely granular cytoplasm and indistinct cell boundries on H&E stains. only happen in conjunction with T-cell mediated immunity since gamma ifn is needed for macrophage transformation

Question 26

What organisms/diseases predispose to granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 26

M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, sarcoidosis, foreign bodies trapped in tissues