patestas

Question 1

Layers of the renal capsule

Answer 1

• Outer layer of capsule = collagen and fibroblasts
• inner layer of capsule = collagen and MYOFIBROBLASTS
  
  • myofibroblasts contain contractile elements to squeeze kidney

Question 2

describe teh two regions of the cortex

Answer 2

• Cortical labrynth
  
  • renal corpusles
  • convoluted tubules
  • connecting tubules
• Medullary rays = medullary tissue that extends from base of pyramids into the cortex
  
  • straight tubules (straight proximal, straight distal)
  • collecting ducts

ALTERNATING regions of cortical labyrinth and medullary ratys

Question 3

Nephron

Answer 3

Structural and functional unit of the kidney

• consists of:
  
  • renal corpuscle
  • Proximal tubule
  • thin limbs of henle loop
  • distal tubule

Question 4

Glomerulus

Answer 4

• cluster of fenestrated capillaires
• it is an arterio-capillary bed
• Glomerular ultrafiltrate ooxes out of glomerulus by passing through the filtration barrier

Question 5

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 5

• Proximal end of the nephron
• VISCERAL LAYER OF BOWMAN’s CAPSULE
  
  • covers glomerulus and is COMPOSED OF PODOCYTES
    
    • Filtration slits have a slit diaphragm
• PARIETAL LAYER OF BOWMAN’s CAPSULE
  
  • simple squamous epithelium
  • covered by a basal lamina

Question 6

Bowmans space (urinary space)

Answer 6

• space between the visceral and parietal layers of bowman’s capusle
• CONTAINS ULTRAFILTRATE

Question 7

Vascular pole

Answer 7

• Site where the
  
  • AFFERENT glomerular arteriole enters the renal corpusle (MESANGIAL CELLS)
  • EFFERENT GLOMERULAR arteriole leaves the renal corpusle
    
    • greater resistance to blood flow

Question 8

Filtration barrier

Answer 8

• from inside outward consists of:
  
  • endothelial surface alyer of glomerular capillaries
  • FENESTRATED ENDOTHELIUM of glomerular capilary
    
    • NO DIAPHRAGMS OVER FENESTRATIONS
  • Basal lamina (produced by endothelium and podocytes
  • subpodocyte space
  • visceral layer of bowman’s capsule (podocytes)

Mutation in nephrin gene –> congeital nephrotic syndrome (leaky slit diaphragm –> massice proteniuria –> edema

Question 9

Proximal convuluted tubule (PCT) and Proximal straight tubule (THICK descending limb of loop of henle)

Answer 9

• SIMPLE CUBOIDAL epithelium
  
  • striking eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm
  • MICROVILLI (straited border)
  • basement membrane (PAS+)

Question 10

Distal tubule

Answer 10

• Distal straight tubule (THICK ASCENDING LIMB of henle)
  
  • LOW CUBOIDAL epithelium with few microbilli
  • more mitochondria than cells of PCT
• MACULA DENSA
  
  • modified segment of distal tubule located NEXT TO AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
  • between afferent and efferent arterioles
• DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)
  
  • much shorter and less toruous than PCT
  • wide, clear lumen
  • pale, granular cytoplasm

Question 11

Cortical collecting duct

Answer 11

• IS PART OF THE URINIFEROUS TUBULE, BUT NOT PART OF THE NEPHRON
• DCT empties into connecting tubule or an arched connecting tubule that drain into the cortical collecting duct or medullary collecting duct

Question 12

Juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus

Answer 12

• CONSISTS of MACULA DENSA, JG cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells
  
  • JG cells are modified smooth muscle cells in the TUNICA media of the afferent glomerular arteriole
    
    • contain renin
• CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE by activiting renin-angiotension-aldosterone system

Question 13

URETER Layers

Answer 13

• Mucosa = thrown into folds when ureter is empty
  
  • TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL LINING
  • basal lamina
  • lamina propria (dense irregular fibroelastic CT)
• MUSCULARIS
  
  • Upper 2/3 of ureter = outer circular layer and inenr longitudinal layer
  • Lower 1/3 of ureter =
    
    • OUTER LONGITUDINAL LAYER (extra layer) + circular layer and longtiduinal layer
• Fibrous CT covering

Question 14

Urinary bladder tissues

Answer 14

• Mucosa = transitional epithelium and lamina propria
• Muscularis = 3 layers of smooth muclse
  
  • middle layer forms the internal sphincter muscle
• Adventitia = attaches bladder to surroudnign structures
  
  • dense irregular collagenous CT
  • elastic fibers
• Serosa (peritoneum) covers part of the bladder

Question 15

Urethra female

Answer 15

• Mucosa
  
  • transitional epithelium near bladder
  • stratified squamous nonkeratinized lines remaining urethra
  • lamina propria
• Muscularis (inner longitudinal and outer circular)
• external urethral sphincter
  
  • skeletal muscle –> where the urethra penetrates the UG diaphragm

Question 16

urethra male

Answer 16

• Prostatic urethra = lies within the prostate (TRANSITIONAL epithelium)
• Membranous urethra = transveres the UG diaphragm
  
  • STRATIFIED COLUMNAR/pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Spongy urethra (penile urethra) = corpus spongiosum
  
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium in the distal end

Question 17

prostate gland

Answer 17

• Capsule = consists of dense irregular colagenous CT, smooth muscle cells
• CT stroma = FRAMEWORK; arises from the capsule (similar composition)
• Tubuloalveolar glands
  
  • peripheral layer has the MAIN PROSTATIC GLAND (most cancers occur here)
  • Simple to speudostratified columnar epithelium = synthesizes proteins
  • Prostatic concretions (corpora amylacea)
    
    • are calcified glycoproteins

Question 18

Intraglomerular mesangial cell

Answer 18

• phagocytic –> reabsorb basal lamina
• embedded in the basement membrane/basal lamina and is located between glomerular capillaries