Past questions Flashcards
Development of muscle force is controlled by:
a. Number of mitochondria surrounding a sarcomere
b. Movement of cross-bridges across the sarcomere
c. Frequency of motor neuron stimulation
d. The chemical activity of the periosteum
Frequency of motor neurone stimulation
Relaxation of a muscle fiber occurs when
a. Calcium is bound to troponin
b. Calcium is pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c. Cross-bridge heads are bound to actin filaments
d. All the ATP in the myofilament has been used
e. The transverse tubules are blocked by sodium ions
Calcium is pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
A motor unit consists of
a. Actin and myosin filaments
b. All the motor neurons in a muscle
c. The neuromuscular junction and T-tubules
d. The neuromuscular junction and sarcoplasmic reticulum e. A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates
Eccentric strength occurs when
a. Sufficient tension is developed in a muscle to cause shortening
b. Tension is developed in a muscle but outside forces cause it to lengthen
c. Calcium is pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
d. No movement occurs in the muscle
e. Troponin moves from the myofibril to the mitochondria
Tension is developed in the muscle, but outside forces cause it to lengthen
The maximum force capability of a muscle is inversely related to
a. The velocity of a concentric contraction
b. The angle of pennation
c. The cross-sectional size of a muscle
d. The size of the neuromuscular junction
e. The number of cross-bridges heads bound to actin
The velocity of a concentric contraction
Skeletal muscles fibres
a. Have multiple neuromuscular junctions
b. Normally are no longer than 1 cm in length
c. Have many nuclei situated on their surface
d. Are surrounded by periosteum
e. Are usually two sarcomeres in length
Have many nuclei situated on their surface
Increases in strength following resistance training
a. Are due to an increased number of muscle fibers
b. Reflect an increase in fiber size
c. Are relatively greater in males than females
Reflect an increased fibre size
During the first month after stopping resistance training
a. Strength declines modestly, if at all
b. The size of muscle fibers decreases to pre-training levels
c. Distribution of the two types of muscle fibers returns to pre-training levels
d. The aerobic enzyme content of skeletal muscle decreases
Strength declines modestly, if at all
Concurrent endurance and resistance training might
a. Increase sprint ability in a distance cyclist
b. Augment increases in aerobic power
c. Augment increases in muscle strength
d. Compromise increases in aerobic power
Increase sprint ability in a distance cyclist
Females, as compared to males
a. Show modest increases in muscle size after resistance training
b. Reflect increases in strength mainly attributed to neural factors
c. Show greater muscle fiber hyperplasia after resistance training
d. Show the same or greater relative hypertrophy after resistance training
Show the same or greater relative hypertrophy after resistance training
Which kind of joint is the knee?
Synovial
Most human limbs are operated as which class of lever?
a. First class
b. Second class
c. Third class
Third class
To compare performances of lifters of different body weights, the classical
formula divides the lift by
a. Body weight
b. Body weight squared
c. Body weight to the two-thirds power
d. Body weight to the three-fourths power
Body weight to the two-thirds power
During free-weight exercise, resistive torque varies with
a. The horizontal distance from the weight to the body joint
b. The vertical distance from the weight to the body joint
c. The movement velocity
d. The square of movement velocity
e. The inverse
The horizontal distance from the weight to the body joint
A vertical jump involves knee, hip and shoulder movement mainly in which plane?
a. Perpendicular
b. Orthogonal
c. Sagittal
d. Frontal
e. Transverse
Sagital
Compared to other athletes of various sizes and body builds, an athlete with a high strength-to- mass ratio should be able to
a. Lift more
b. Change direction more quickly
c. Throw farther
d. Hit harder
e. Absorb impact better
Change direction more quickly
Resistance exercise programs designed to stimulate new bone formation should emphasize all of the following except
a. Metabolic specificity
b. Specificity of loading
c. Progressive overload
d. Variation in exercise selection
Metabolic specificity
Which of the following exercises should most effectively stimulate new bone formation in the axial skeleton?
a. Squat
b. Leg extension
c. Bench press
d. Lat pull-down
Squat
Which of the following factors is least effective in creating an effective osteogenic stimulus?
a. Volume of exercise
b. Magnitude of the load
c. Rate of force application
d. Variation of exercise selection
Volume of exercise
Increases in type 2 muscle fibers diameter from training for strength are associated with increases in all of the following except
a. Phosphagen levels
b. Glycogen levels
c. Troglyceride levels
d. Myokinase
Triglyceride levels
Muscle size increases are caused by all of the following except
a. A higher proportion of type 2 fibers
b. A greater amount of intermuscular collagen fibers
c. An increase in diameter of type 1 fibers
d. Greater substrate stores
A higher proportion of type 2 fibres
Increases in the endurance capability of muscle tissue are caused by all of the
following except
a. Conversion of type 2b to type 1a fibers
b. Hypertrophy of type 1 fibers
c. Greater myoglobin content
d. Conversion of type 2 to type 1 fibers
Conversion of type 2 to type 1 fibres
Which of the following is the connective tissue support cell found in cartilage?
a. Chondrocyte
b. Osteoblast
c. Fibroblast
d. Myocyte
Chondrocyte
Which of the following is not a specific change that occurs within tendons or ligaments in response to chronic resistance exercise training?
a. a switch from type 2 to type 1 collagen
b. an increase in collagen fibril diameter
c. an increase in collagen fibril packing density
d. an increase in covalent cross-links present in collagen fibrils
A switch from tope 2 to type 1 fibres
Which tissue has the poorest blood supply?
a. Cartilage
b. Bone
c. Muscle
d. T endon
Cartilage
The ultimate source of energy for muscular contraction is a. GTP
b. Oxygen
c. NADH
d. ATP
ATP
Which of the following can be metabolized anaerobically? a. Protein
b. Carbohydrate
c. Fat
d. All of the above
CHO
Which energy system is used depends primarily on
a. Exercise intensity
b. Exercise duration
c. State of training
d. Body composition
Exercise intensity
The activation of ______ results in the production of lactic acid
a. The phosphagen system
b. Slow glycolysis
c. Fast glycolysis
d. The oxidation of carbohydrates
Fast glycolysis
Which of the following has the highest rate of energy production?
a. The phosphagen system
b. Fast glycolysis
c. Oxidation of fats
d. Oxidation of carbohydrates
The phosphagen system
The oxidative system results in the production of approximately _______ ATP’s
from the degregation of 1 glucose molecule
a. 36
b. 27
c. 41
d. 38
38
Which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of glycolysis?
a. PFK
b. Isocitrate dehyrogenase
c. Phosphorylate
d. Lactate dehydrogenase
PFK
Which of the following hormones enhance muscle tissue growth?
a. Growth hormone and IGF-I only
b. Growth hormone and Progesterone only
c. Growth hormone, cortisol and IGF-I only
d. Growth Hormone, Cortisol and Progesterone only
GH and IGF-1 only
Which hormone has the greatest influence on changes in nerves?
a. Growth hormone
b. T estosterone
c. Cortisol
d. IGF
Testosterone
Which hormone is higher is women than men at rest?
a. Cortisol
b. Insulin
c. T estosterone
d. Growth hormone
GH
What type of workout promotes the highest growth hormone increases following
the exercise session?
a. Short rest (1min), high volume, multiple sets
b. Single set, low volume
c. Sets of 5RM
d. Long rest (3min), low volume, multiple sets
Short rest (1 min), high volume, multiple sets
The contracting left ventricle pushes blood through
a. The tricuspid valve into the pulmonary circulation
b. The mitral valve into the peripheral circulation
c. The aortic valve into the peripheral circulation
d. The aortic valve into the pulmonary circulation
The aortic valve into the peripheral circulation
Normal responses to exercise include the following expect
a. Mean arterial pressure rise
b. Stroke volume increase
c. Systolic blood pressure response similar to heart rate
d. Diastolic blood pressure rise
Diastolic blood pressure rise
Which of the following is not a component of oxygen uptake?
a. Heart rate
b. Systolic blood pressure
c. Stroke volume
d. arteriovenous oxygen difference
Stroke volume
A muscle that gets totally depleted of its ATP will become stiff because Select one:
a. The Myosin heads cannot swivel and deliver their powerstroke
b. The myosin heads cannot detach from the actin
c. The Myosin heads sequester calcium ions reducing calcium availability to other myofibrils
The myosin heads cannot detach from the actin
The epimysium and periosteum are structurally connected why? Select one:
a. To provide a seamless connection between the muscle and the bone
b. To allow space for muscle fibre hypertrophy
c. To prevent kinetic energy loss
d. To help prevent tendonitis
To provide a seamless connection between the muscle and the bone
What does “stacking” involve in regards to administering anabolic steroids? Select one:
a. Taking one anabolic steroid, then the next day taking a new steroid
b. Combining two anabolic steroids in one dose and then adding an antagonistic
steroid
mixture the next day
c. Taking many anabolic steroids together
Taking as many anabolic steroids together
Which of the following muscle fibre types are “bypassed” as a result of selective recruitment that allows an Olympic weightlifter to generate maximum power during a 1RM snatch? Select one: a. IIx b. I c. IIa d. IIc
I
What trunk muscles are involved in performing an abdominal crunch with a twist? (Tick all that apply) Select one or more: a. Tensor Fasciae Latae d. Osteoblasts e. External oblique f. Pectineus g. Semitendinosus h. Piriformus i. Gluteus Maximus j. Internal oblique
External oblique
Internal oblique
How many hours after GH release is IGF-I peak seen to occur Select one:
a. 16-28hrs
b. 26-46hrs
c. 6-18hrs
26-46hrs
Golgi tendon organ function is to Select one:
a. Protect the muscle by stimulating reflex inhibition of the motor neuron
b. To cause muscle contraction in response to increased muscle loading
c. To enhance acetylcholine production in response to an increased muscle
loading
d. To provide afferent signals to increase heart rate
Protect the muscle by stimulating reflex inhibition of the motor neuron
Which component of an integrated sports performance program is concerned with improving the rate of force production? Select one: a. Plyometric training b. Cardiorespiratory training c. Balance training d. Core training
Plyometric training
All of the following are examples of progressively overloading the body through resistance training except:
Select one:
a. Using forced repetitions during an exercise session
b. Adding reps to a workout session
c. Increasing the velocity of the exercise to be performed
d. Increasing the rest time between sets with standard loading
Increasing the rest time between sets with standard loading
Which of the following best explains the requirement for increased protein intake by athletes? Select one:
a. The quality of protein consumed
b. Restriction of calories to lose weight
c. Increased need for tissue repair
d. Decreased protein oxidation during aerobic exercise
Increased tissue repair
A blunted training response to IGF-I concentration has been seen in which athletes? Select one:
a. those with an initially high resting level of IGF-I
b. those with high concentrations of Acetylcholine
c. those with high concentrations of ACTH
Those with an initially high resting level of IGF-1
Strength and conditioning facility _________ are important for offering to participants guidelines on equipment and facility use and personal conduct
a. Goals and objectives
b. Rules and policies
c. Cleaning and maintenance
d. Organization and administration
Rules and policies
Without _____, the program goal(s) may not be achieved
a. Objectives
b. Competition
c. Performance
d. New equipment
Objectives
Effective organization and efficient administration of a strength and conditioning program require of the co-ordinator skill in
a. Supervision
b. Co-operation
c. Observation
d. Instruction
Supervision
Which of the following are the major goals of a strength and conditioning program?
a. Improving performance and lowering the potential for injury
b. Providing a safe and orderly environment
c. Producing winning teams and developing an individual’s potential
d. Improving participation and attracting recruits
Improving performance and lowering potential for injury
During a short competitive period (1-3 weeks), the goal of training should be
a. Active rest
b. Maintenance of fitness
c. Development of strength
d. Development of endurance
Active rest
Volume of training during the hypertrophy phase of the preparatory period is
a. Moderate
b. Low
c. Low to moderate
d. High
High
he macrocycle is generally
a. One year of training
b. Part of a year of training
c. A week of training
d. A day’s training
One year of training
Periodization was first developed by a. Stone
b. Selye
c. Matveyev
d. O’Bryant
Matveyev
When utilizing multiple-joint exercise training, frequency should be ____________ single-joint exercises
a. Lower than
b. Greater than
c. The same as
d. Decreased one week and increased the next compared to
Lower than
In order to maintain muscle strength in an exercise, you need to engage in the exercise at least
a. 2 days/week
b. 1 day/week
c. 3 days/week
d. 4 days/week
3 days/week
Athletes returning to training after prolonged periods of detraining should begin by resting _____ usual between sets of exercise
a. Less than
b. The same as
c. More often than
d. Longer than
Longer than
Traditional circuit weight training has a work-rest ratio of approximately
a. 1:2
b. 2:1
c. 1:1
d. 3:1
1:2
A high jumper performing sets of three reps with 90% of hit 1RM capacity in strength training exercises should rest ______ min between sets
a. 1-2
b. 3-5
c. 7-9
d. 10-15
3-5 mins
To replenish phosphagen stores, rest between sets should last
a. 3min
b. 1min
c. 30s
d. 6min
1min
Volume of training decreases
a. During the hypertrophy/endurance phase of the preparatory period
b. For athletes whose events require high levels of aerobic endurance with low levels of strength and power
c. As the competition period approaches
d. With younger athletes
As the competition period approaches
Volume can be calculated by multiplying sets times
a. Load times time
b. Total training time
c. Repetitions time weight
d. Average weight on the bar
Repetitions time weight
After a period of detraining of a joint or muscle group due to injury, training should be resumed at ____________ volume
a. Moderate (6-10 reps/set)
b. Low (1-6 reps/set)
c. High (10-20 reps/set)
d. Very low (1-3 reps/set)
Moderate (6-10 reps/set)
As an athletes capability to train with high volumes improves, his or her ___________ may improve
a. Muscular hypertrophy
b. Local muscular endurance
c. Cardiovascular endurance
d. A, B and C
ABC
To improve lactic acid energy systems with traditional circuit weight training, employ loads of __________________ of 1RM
a. 40% to 60%
b. 20% to 40%
c. 60% to 80%
d. 80% to 100%
40% to 60%
For novices trainees, the most accurate RM should be established
a. After adequate skill acquisition has occurred
b. With free weights before machines
c. With very little warm-up, to insure little fatigue
d. From a chart estimation based on 10RM
After adequate skill acquisition has occurred
To develop the most overall body power, which of the following sequences is most appropriate?
a. Power snatches, push presses, front squats, glute-ham-gastroc raises, wrist curls
b. Power squats, deadlifts, bench presses, calf raises, lat raises, chin-ups
c. Lunges, lat pulldowns, knee extensions, triceps presses, shrug pulls, push
presses
d. Shrugs, arm curls, leg curls, power cleans, good mornings, leg presses.
Power snatches, push presses, front squats, flute-ham-gastroc raises, wrist curls
A collegiate discus thrower weighing 240 lb has 1RM values of 450 lb in the squat and 390 lb in the bench press. His training priority should be
a. Upper body strength
b. Gaining body weight
c. Lower body strength
d. A and C
Lower body strength
What would be a good quadriceps torque goal for 200-lb decathlete tested at 60°/ s on an isokinetic knee extension unit?
a. 1.3 times body weight
b. Body weight
c. Two times body weight
d. One half of body weight
1.3 times body weight
A tennis player with a shoulder flexion: extension ratio of 1:3 in his racquet arm should concentrate on which of the following exercises?
a. Lateral raises, front raises, bent-over lateral raises, elbow curls
b. Cable flys, lat pulldowns, pullovers
c. Upright rows, straight-arm lat pulldowns, internal rotations with dumbbells
d. External dumbbells shoulder rotations, triceps extensions, pullovers
Lateral raises, front raises, bent-over lateral raises and elbow curls
At higher speeds of isokinetic testing (above 200°/s) joint agonist:antagonist ratios begin to approach
a. 1:1
b. 2:1
c. 3:1
d. 1:2
1:1
Which of the following exercises does not stress the hip, knee, and low back (trunk) extensors?
a. Leg presses
b. Squats
c. Lunges
d. Snatch pulls
Leg presses
During the competition phase of training, which of the following exercises could most effectively be substituted for lunges?
a. Step-ups
b. Push jerks
c. Power snatches
d. Safety bar squats
Step-ups
During the preparation period (hypertrophy phase), which of the following exercises would be most appropriate for a hockey player?
a. Leg presses, incline presses, flys, back extensions, upright rowing, sit-ups
b. Power cleans, squats, bench presses, knee curls, calf raises, torso rotations
c. Lunges, pulls, push jerks, knee extensions, arm curls, wrist curls
d. Power snatches, push presses, squats, calf raises, leg raises, lateral raises.
leg presses, inline presses, flys, back extensions, upright rowing, sit ups
Towing devices such as sleds and parachutes are used to develop
a. Speed
b. Endurance
c. Flexibility
d. Agility
Speed
Which of the following athletes requires the highest level of aerobic metabolism training?
a. A basketball player
b. A baseball player
c. A gymnast
d. A rower
A rower
Each isometric muscle action should be held for _________s
a. 10to20
b. 3to10
c. 1to3
d. 20to30
3 to 10 seconds
What is the primary movement occurring in the “scoop” phase of the power clean?
a. Hip flexion
b. Hip extension
c. Knee flexion
d. Plantar flexion
Hip extention
Which of the following jumps will normally have the longest amortization phase?
a. Cycle split squat jumps
b. Split squat jumps
c. Squat jumps
d. Double-leg tuck jumps
Squat jumps
Which of the following is an assistive method for sprint training?
a. Downhill running
b. Maximal effort sprints
c. Pulling a weighted sled
d. Acceleration sprints
Downhill running
After the start of a sprint the upper torso should be
a. Leaning slightly forward
b. Leaning forward at about 35- 40 degrees
c. Straight up
d. Leaning slightly backwards
Leaning slightly forwards
Stimulation of muscle spindles induces a
a. Relaxation of GTO’s
b. Relaxation of the agonist
c. Contraction of the agonist
d. Contraction of the antagonist
Contraction of agonist
Dynamic stretching is most similar to which of the following?
a. Specific warm-up
b. General warm-up
c. Easy stretch
d. Static stretch
Specific warm up
Which of the following stretching methods will decrease the stimulation of muscle spindles?
a. Dynamic
b. Ballistic
c. Static
d. Drastic
Static
When stimulated, the GTO’s may be responsible for which of the following?
a. Relaxation of the agonist and contraction of the antagonist
b. Relaxation of the antagonist and contraction of the agonist
c. Contraction of the agonist only
d. Contraction of the antagonist only
Relaxation of the agonist and contraction of the antagonist
Taking a pulse is most reliable when the test administrator
a. Palpates the pulse at the jugular vein in the neck and counts the beats for at
least 6s
b. Palpates the pulse with his or her thumb and counts the beats for at least 10s
c. Palpates the pulse with his or her fingertips and counts the beats for at least 10s
d. Palpates the pulse at the carotid artery in the neck and counts the beats for at least 6s
Palpates the pulse with his or her fingertips and counts the beats for at least 10s
When conducting the 1RM back squat test,
a. A lifting belt is mandatory
b. A lifting belt is encouraged but optional
c. Lifting boots are mandatory
d. Knee wraps are mandatory
A lifting belt is encouraged but optional
In the timing of sprint events, hand-held stopwatches can result in errors of up to _____s compared with new electronic timing systems, even under ideal conditions.
a. 0.20
b. 0.24
c. 0.34
d. 0.40
0.24
Purging can upset the body’s acid-base balance and affect thermoregulation as a result of
a. loss of body mass
b. vasoconstriction
c. loss of electrolytes
d. cardiac arrhythmias
Loss of electrolytes
Generally, obesity is defined as
a. a body mass index above 35
b. a body mass index above 25
c. excess body fat
d. a proportion of body fat above 32%
Excess body fat
Which three of the following substances are known to produce an anabolic effect (increase lean body mass)?
a. T estosterone
b. Chromium
c. L-carnitine
d. Thyroid hormones
ACD
Which one of the following is the best reason for endurance athletes to stay away from erythropoietin use?
a. Several bicyclist deaths may have been caused by erythropoietin use
b. It is well known to cause heart failure
c. It is well known to reduce resistance to infectious disease
d. It may reduce the ability of blood to carry oxygen
Several bicyclist deaths may have been cause by EPO use
Which one of the following is not known to increase circulating growth hormone levels?
a. Ornithine
b. Sleep
c. High-intensity exercise
d. Boron
Boron
There are several good reasons that a healthy adult athlete should not use growth hormone. Which one of the following is not one of these reasons?
a. High cost
b. Potential health risks
c. Ergogenic benefits are uncertain
d. Adults will become excessively tall
Adults will become excessively tall
Which one of the following is effective in increasing steroid hormone levels or steroid action in the body?
a. Sterols such as y-oryzanol
b. Boron
c. Human chorionic gonadotropin
d. Beta-agonists such as clenbuterol
e. Yohimbe bark extract
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Which one of the following potential effects of anabolic steroids is best supported by scientific evidence?
a. Counteracting the effects of training stress
b. More rapid recovery from injury
c. Increased muscle mass
d. Reduced interest in sex
Increased muscle mass
In addition to the health risks faced by an adult, an adolescent boy using anabolic steroids may risk
a. Reduced adult stature and possible behavioral problems
b. Nothing, other than accelerated maturation
c. Deformed facial characteristics and large ears
d. Weak muscles and poor weight-gain
Reduced adult stature and possible behavioural problems
A healthy male adult using orally active anabolic steroids faces increased health risks including
a. Permanent sterility and brittle bones
b. Liver tumors and reduced blood HDL cholesterol
c. Pulling a snatch off the floor
d. The bench press
e. Stroke and permanent sterility
f. None, except for the risks associated with injection of any substance
Liver tumors and reduced blood HDL cholesterol
An athlete can be put in jail just for using
a. Erythropoietin
b. Growth hormone
c. Anabolic steroids
d. Clenbuterol
Anabolic steroids
Which one of the following is true about dietary supplements?
a. A product must be safe to use or it can’t be sold
b. A product must be effective or there won’t be a market for it
c. Government agencies must approve any supplements sold for human use
d. There are no guarantees about safety or effectiveness
There are no guarantees about safety or effectiveness
During adolescence, the period of maximum strength development typically
a. Precedes maximum endurance development
b. Follows maximum endurance development
c. Precedes maximum weight development
d. Follows maximum weight development
Follow maximum weight development
When force production per unit of muscle cross-sectional area of men and women is compared, which of the following is true, on average?
a. Men have more potential
b. Women have more potential
c. They are the same
They are the same
When men and women are compared as to absolute strength performance, which
of the following is true, on the average?
a. Men are stronger
b. Women are stronger
c. They are the same
Men are stronger
What is the latest stage of development possible for a 14 year old to have reached?
a. Reflexive movement phase
b. Rudimentary movement phase
c. Fundamental movement phase
d. Specialized movement phase
Specialised movement phase
When men and women are compared as to absolute strength performance, which
of the following is true, on the average?
a. Men are stronger
b. Women are stronger
c. They are the same
Men are stronger
What is the latest stage of development possible for a 14 year old to have reached?
a. Reflexive movement phase
b. Rudimentary movement phase
c. Fundamental movement phase
d. Specialized movement phase
Specialised movement phase
Many Adults have never developed their movement skills past the
a. Reflexive movement phase
b. Rudimentary movement phase
c. Fundamental movement phase
d. Specialized movement phase
Fundamental movement phase
Detraining results in which of the following?
a. Decreased performance in all cases
b. A return to exactly the same pre-training values
c. A decline in all physical functional capacities
d. A loss of muscle proteins in all cases
A return to exactly the same pre-training values
When endurance athletes detrain, they first observe a decline in
a. Maximal strength
b. Maximal power
c. Maximal oxygen consumption
d. Maximal heart size
Maximal oxygen consumption
Long-term recovery is promoted only if
a. Proper nutritional intake is achieved
b. Muscles are immersed in cold water
c. Proper cool-down is performed
d. Muscles are immersed in warm water
Proper nutritional intake is achieved
After an 800-m time trial to get into the finals, an athlete should do which of the following to focilitate removal of lactic acid from the blood?
a. Perform stretching exercises
b. Sit and rest quietly
c. Perform moderate-intensity jogging
d. Drink several glasses of water
Perform moderate-intensity jogging
What is the best marker of overtraining in all athletes?
a. Heart rate
b. Blood pressure changes
c. None at this time
d. Muscle strength changes
None at this time
In wrestling or judo what might not change with overtraining?
a. Maximal anaerobic sprint performance
b. Changes in muscle strength at various velocities of movement
c. Resting heart rate
d. Mood states
Resting HR
Many of the primary training adaptations in the aerobic metabolic cycles are related to
a. Increases in enzyme concentrations
b. Decreases in protein metabolism
c. Changes in nerve function
d. Elevations in body core temperature
Increased enzyme concentrations
hronic anaerobic training involving glycolysis results in
a. Better blood protein-buffering ability
b. Better hydrogen ion-buffering ability in the muscle and blood
c. Lactate-buffering ability in the blood
d. Hydrogen ion-buffering ability in the muscle only
Better hydrogen and ion-buffering ability in the muscle and blood
The highest lactic acid concentration in the muscle would be observed after which
of the following exercise protocols?
a. Maximal exercise lasting 15 s
b. Maximal exercise lasting 1 – 2 Mins
c. Two intermittent maximal exercise bouts of 20 s d. Maximal exercise lasting 30 mins
Maximal exercise lasting 1-2 mins
Which of the following is not an effect of altitude during submaximal exercise?
a. increased cardiac output
b. decreased oxygen concentration in arterial blood
c. hyperventilation
d. increase of oxygen cost of work
Increase of oxygen cost of work
What is proprioception?
a. Sensory input to manipulate a movement action plan
b. Sensory input to facilitate learning new skills
c. Reflex response to keep the body from harm
d. Sensory input providing information about the bodys position
Sensory input providing information about the body’s position
What is the recommended protein intake for a multipart athlete?
a. 1.5 - 2.0 mg/KG body mass per day
b. 1.5 - 2.0 KG/KG body mass per day
c. 1.5 - 2.0 g/KG body mass per day
d. 15-20 g/KG body mass per day
1.5 - 2.0 g/KG body mass per day
Why are acute increases in blood hormone immediately post-exercise favourable?
a. Increase in probability of interaction with receptors
b. Increase production of binding proteins
c. Increase rate of hormone production
Increase in probability of interaction with receptors
Every tropomyosin molecule carries a Troponin made up of:
a. Troponin C, Troponin I, Troponin T
b. Troponin A, troponin B, Troponin C
c. Troponin Z, Troponin I, Troponin J
Troponin C, Troponin I, Troponin T
Which of the following phases of the sliding filament theory is responsible for the power stroke action in muscle contraction?
a. Depolorisation
b. Cross-bridge cycling
c. Relaxation
d. Excitation-contraction coupling
Cross-bridge cycling
How is calcium returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum after muscle contraction?
a. By active transport from the sarcoplasm to the SR
b. By binding with phosphate ions and confusion into the capillaries
c. All listed options
d. By diffusion down the concentration gradient
By active transport from the sarcoplasm to the SR
The action of the hormone IGF-1 causes
a. Just myoblast differentiation
b. Both myoblast proliferation and differentiation
c. Just myoblast proliferation
Both myoblast proliferation and differentiation
What is the half-life of IGF-1
a. 12-15hrs
b. 12-15 days
c. 12-15 mins
12-15hrs
Which component of an integrated sports performance programme is concerned with improving muscular coordination?
a. Balance training
b. CV training
c. Core training
d. Flexibility training
Balance training
Which muscle cause lateral flexion of the spine?
a. Platysma
b. Internal oblique
c. Iliocostalis
d. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
e. Infraspinatus
f. External oblique
g. Longissimus
h. Illopsoas
External oblique
Internal oblique
Iliocostalis
Identify the effects of GH
a. Increased protein synthesis rates
b. Decreased glucose use
c. Increase lipolysis
d. Decreased lipolysis
Increased protein synthesis rates
Decreased glucose use
Increase lipolysis
Why might endurance trained athletes used anabolic steroids?
a. As it helps recovery after training session
b. As it promotes the transformation of Type IIx fibres to Type IIa
c. As it causes muscle hypertrophy
d. As it allows for a greater load of training load to be tolerated during exercise
As it helps recovery after training session
As it allows for a greater load of training load to be tolerated during exercise
Autocrine production of IGF-1 by the muscles may be more important for causing hypertrophy, why?
a. Blood IGF is degraded more rapidly
b. Blood borne IGF is bound by binding proteins
c. Blood borne IGF has receptor competition with testosterone
Blood borne IGF is bound by binding proteins
A muscle that becomes totally depleted of it’s ATP will become stiff because
a. The myosin head sequester the calcium ions reducing the calcium availability to other myofibrils
b. The myosin heads can’t swivel and deliver power stroke
c. The myosin heads can’t detach from the actin
The myosin heads can’t detach from the actin
The efficacy of anabolic steroids follows the typical dose-response curve
a. True
b. False
True
What muscles are involves with performing an abdominal crunch with a twist?
a. Osteoblasts
b. Transverse Abdominus
c. External Oblique
d. Piriformus
e. Semitendenosis
f. Gluteus Maximus
g. Internal oblique
h. Pectinous
i. Tensor fasciae late
j. Rectus Abdominus
Exeterna oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse Abdominus
Rectus Abdominus
Golgi tendon organ function is to
a. To provide afferent signals to increase HR
b. To enhance Ach production is response to increased muscle loading
c. To cause muscle contraction is response to increased muscle loading
d. To protect the muscle by stimulating reflex inhibition of the motor neurone
To protect the muscle by stimulating reflex inhibition of motor neurone
What factors cause in acute increase in blood testosterone following exercise?
a. Large muscle mass exercises
b. A significant increase in blood lactate concentration
c. Small muscle mass exercises
Large muscle mass exercises
A significant increase in blood lactate concentration
What will desensitising Goldi Tendon Organs result in?
a. Increase of firing frequency
b. Decreased force production
c. Increased proprioception
d. Increased force production
Increased force production
What does “stacking” involve with regards to administering anabolic steroids?
a. Combining 2 anabolic steroids in one dose and then adding one antagonistic steroid mixture the next day
b. Taking one anabolic steroid, then the next day taking anew steroid
c. Taking many anabolic steroids together
Taking many anabolic steroids together
Testosterone receptor sensitivity is potentiated from a single exercise session by
a. Production of local inflammatory cytokines
b. Muscle spindle activation as a result of sheers stress
c. Increase in extracellular ion concentration
d. Activation of high threshold motor units
Activation of high threshold motor units
Testosterone facilitate muscle force production during an acute bout of exercise through which mechanisms?
a. Enhances production of nor-epinephrine
b. Enhances production of acetylcholine
c. Facilities calcium release from SR
d. Facilitates proton pump activity
Enhances production of acetylcholine
Facilities calcium release from SR
What do Leydig cells produce?
Testosterone
Acute increase in circulating concentrations of hormones in the blood result via several mechanisms
a. Increased production of AA precursors
b. Reduced hormonal degradation
c. Reduced venous blood pooling
d. Reduced extra hepatic clearance rates
e. Shifts in extracellular fluid volume
f. Increased concentration of binding proteins
Reduced normal degradation
Shifts in extracellular fluid volume
A greater IGF1-1 production is stimulated through which type of exercise?
a. Maxmal force, low volume exercise
b. Plyometric
c. Eccentric
d. Concentric
Eccentric
A multiple set training schedule is thought to stimulate a greater increase in resting IGF-1?
a. True
b. False
True
Which of the following proteins has an amino acids profile similar to the body’s needs?
a. Eggs
b. Soy
c. Rice
d. Wheat
Eggs
How does the intra-abdominal pressure mechanism act to decrease compressive forces in the core?
a. Compresses the viscera within the abdominal cavity
b. Compresses the spinal vertebrae
c. Pushes the viscera superiorly
d. Pushes the viscera anteriorly
Pushes the viscera superiorly
Protein breakdown occurs during lifting or resistance exercise, but protein synthesis occurs during which of the following time frames?
a. Also during alive lifting
b. Recovery time
c. During periods of interval training
Recovery time
Which hormone is abbreviated to MGF?
a. Myosin growth factor
b. Mechano growth factor
c. Myocyte growth factor
d. Myofibril growth factor
Mechano growth factor
Which of the following is an example of shear stress?
a. Stress on the spine during a squat
b. Stress on the one during a knee extension exercise
c. Stress on the muscle during active contraction
Stress on the spine during a squat
Why s it recommended to take supplements consisting of CHO and protein during exercise?
a. CHO enhances testosterone secretion during exercise
b. CHO potentiates protein synthesis during exercise
c. The CHO has a protein sparing effect
The CHO has a protein sparing effect
What time of day is recommended for resistance training in order to stimulate testosterone concentrations in men?
a. Late evening
b. Morning
c. Nighttime
d. Afternoon
Late evening
Cortisol concentration are highest during what times of day?
a. Evening
b. Early morning
c. Morning
d. Afternoon
Early morning
What is the function of Desmin in the sarcomere?
a. Forms the connection between adjacent Z-lines from different myofibrils
b. Forms the core of the thin filament
c. Provides ATP for creatine phosphate
Forms the connection between adjacent Z-lines from different myofibrils
The epimysium and periostium are structurally connected, why?
a. To provide a seamless connection between the muscle and the bone
b. To prevent kinetic energy loss
c. To allows space for muscle fibre hypertrophy
d. To prevent tendonitis
To provide a seamless connection between the muscle and the bone
Match the following motion to the plane which the movement occurs, knee flexion and extension.
a. Sagittal plane
b. Transverse plane
c. Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
A blunted training response to IGF-1 concentrations has been seen in which athletes?
a. Those with high concentrations of acetylcholine
b. Those with an initially high resting level of IGF-1
c. Those with high concentration son growth hormone releasing hormone
Those with an initially high resting level of IGF-1
Definition - Epimysium
a. The portion of muscle fibres found between the two Z-lines
b. Fibrous tissue enveloping the entire muscle
c. Group of muscle fibre that has been bound by the perimysium
d. A dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches to the bone
e. Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of the bones
Fibrous tissue enveloping the entire muscle
Which of these chemicals or neurotransmitters is released from the motor nerve, binds to the receptors, opens the sodium channels and thus causes depolarisation?
a. Actomyosin
b. Seretonin
c. Acetylecholine
d. Calcium
Acetylechoine
The hypothalamic dysfunction may result in the interruption of testosterone production, due to the lack or production of the hormone
a. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
b. Follicle stimulating hormone
c. Gonadotropin stimulating hormone
d. Follicle releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
The Golgi tendon organs cause non-receprical inhibition, what does this mean?
a. Both agonist and antagonist muscles are activated by the stimulation of GTO
b. That only agonist muscles are activated by stimulation of GTO
c. The agonist muscle are inactivated and antagonist muscles are activated by the stimulation of GTO
d. That only antagonist muscles are activated by stimulation of GTO
The agonist muscles are inactivated and antagonist muscle are activated by stimulation of GTO
