Past Paper Test. Flashcards
Identify two objective training load variables used to monitor training intensity from GPS
- High-speed running (HSR)
- Relative distance (m/min)
What is the duration (weeks) the acute and chronic ratio are calculated from (Gabbett, 2016 BJSM)?
- Acute = 1 week
- Chronic = 4 weeks
Massage therapy has shown to have no effect on skeletal muscle blood flow. However, what does massage therapy do to promote skeletal muscle adaptation?
- Activates mechanotransduction signalling cascade
- Accumulation of PGC1alpha in the cell nucleus
- This leads to stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis.
With reference to PCr, why should sprinters avoid training their 100 m sprint using short (< 5 min) recovery periods?
- The 100s will drop PCr content by >50-75%.
- To reach 100% sprint capacity, this will take longer than 5 min to fully re-synthesise.
- Complete PCr recovery could take 13 min or more.
Describe the activity profile of team sports (e.g. football, field hockey, rugby, netball, basketball etc.)
- Team sports have an ‘intermittent’ activity profile.
- The majority of time is spent in low intensity activities - standing, walking, and jogging.
- Low intensity periods are interspersed with brief intervals of high-intensity activity - sprinting, jumping, cutting etc.
Describe three potential causes of transient (short-term) fatigue?
- Acidosis
- Substrate depletion
- Electrolyte depletion
- Dehydration
Explain the impact and relevance of the concurrent training effect on team sport athletes.
- Strength response to training is reduced due to involvement in high intensity endurance training
- This is relevant to team sports because most sports require a combination of strength and endurance abilities.
You investigate the effect of sprint training intervention on phosphofructokinase activity (PFK). Explain the effects of training on PFK enzyme activity, and how changes to PFK enzyme activity will affect metabolism and sprint performance.
- PFK activity increases
- Allows greater glycolytic flux and therefore ATP re-synthesis from muscle glycogen
- Higher power outputs are sustained for a longer period of time.
Report two common tests of lower body neuromuscular function.
- Counter Movement Jump/ Or any jump
- Cycle Ergometer
- Sprint
Between 10 and 20 s of a maximal sprint, why does the anaerobic contribution to ATP production fall by 50% yet power output only falls by 30%.
- The decline in anaerobic ATP re-synthesis is due to reduced reliance on PCr and anaerobic glycolysis.
- To compensate, VO2 and Oxidative phosphorylation increases.
- Increased ATP re-synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic pathways) offers a partial compensation for the decline in anaerobic ATP re-synthesis.
How does training in a muscle glycogen depleted state improve endurance performance?
- Results in enhanced mobilisation of fatty acids for fuel
- Results in enhanced use of fatty acids for fuel
- Spare glycogen = deferred accumulation of waste products associated with glycolysis
Massage therapy may also be anti-inflammatory. What is the mechanism?
Massage reduced inflammation; notably reductions in TNF-alpha and IL6.
What is an appropriate acute chronic ratio (range) for team sport athletes (Gabbett, 2016 BJSM)?
- 0.8 to 1.3 or 1.5
Why is creatine kinase used as an indirect marker of muscle damage?
- CK is found in cells
- Low circulating levels of CK in the blood
- Following muscle damage CK leaks from cells and is found in the blood.
Why does acidosis as a result of high intensity exercise cause an athlete to slow down?
- Lactate production causes a proton (H+) to be released which decreases pH.
- Decrease in pH inhibits PFK, which is a rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis.
- Decrease in pH inhibits Ca+ release, which affects muscle contraction.
