Lecture 4 - Training Prescription for Anaerobic Adaptation

Question 1

How can recovery period have an effect of muscle protein synthesis rates?

Answer 1

• Shorter recovery = impaired muscle protein synthesis rates.

Question 2

What did the Gaitanos et al (1993) study show about the rate of glycogen breakdown after the 10th sprint?

Answer 2

• This decreased significantly (87% reduction in rate of glycolysis).

Question 3

To optimally stress the anaerobic system in training sessions what should be done?

Answer 3

• Extend the recovery between runs or exercise as this allows full resynthesis of the ATP, PCr and glyclosis pathways, meaning that adaptation is going to primarily occur within these systems, and not in the aerobic system.

Question 4

How is ATP resynthesized?

Answer 4

ADP and the Pi gained from breaking down PCr by CK react together to form ATP by ATP-synthase.

Question 5

What is the role of PFK (Phosphofructokinase)

And what is it activated by ?

Answer 5

• Regulates the speed of glycolysis.

- Activated by AMP

Question 6

What did the Gaitanos et al (1993) study show about the changes in ATP, ADP, AMP, PCr and glycogen following 1 six second spirit, and what did this indicate?

Answer 6

• 14% decrease in glycogen conc.
• 13% decrease in ATP conc.
• No change in AMP ??
• 57% reduction in PCr concentration
• ADP conc. did not change.

Question 7

Are the contribution of PC, glycogenolysis and glycolic rate high or low in short sprints, and how does this change after repeated sprints?

Answer 7

• High

- After repeated sprints glycolysis contribution decreases and aerobic system provide the major of energy.

Question 8

How does having more mitochondria increased the resynthesize of PCr in recovery.

Answer 8

• More mitochondria equal greater levels of ATP that can be produced, meaning more PCr can be resynthesized.

Question 9

Explain the potential mechanism why sprint

training increases oxidative enzyme activity?

Answer 9

• Repetitive sprint training results in reduction of available ATP/PCr.
• This means that the aerobic system has to become more active to provided the energy need for performance.
• As a result there are adaptation in the aerobic system, such as cardiac output and mitochondrial content.
• Increases in mitochondrial numbers increases oxidative enzyme activity in the body.

Question 10

If you perform ten 30 seconds prints what happens to the contribution of PCr, Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and what does this mean for training adaptations.

Answer 10

• Over 60% of the energy supplied comes from the aerobic energy system after the third sprint is completed.
• This would mean that whilst the exercise is a maximal sprint interval because the aerobic system is going to be providing the majority of the energy this is going to be where adaptation is going to occur, e.g. increased mitochondrial content.

Question 11

What are the physiological adaptations to sprint training with a short recovery?

Answer 11

• Increase in PPO was higher and the ability to sustain this was higher.
• PFK increses by 49%
• hexokinase increased by 56%
• No change in LDH activity or glycogen Phosphorylase activity.

Question 12

During sprints the level of glycolysis drops. this is due to an inhibition of Glycogen Phosphorylase activity, what causes this?

Answer 12

• Main inhibitor is glucose-6-phosphate as this inhibits glycogen breakdown as if this accumulates then it prevent the entry of glucose molecules into the muscle.

Question 13

What did the Gaitanos et al (1993) study show about the content of ATP, ADP, AMP, PCr and Cr in dry muscle at rest?

Answer 13

• 24mmol/kg of ATP
• 3mmol/kg ADP
• 0.1mmol/kg AMP
• 76.5mmol/kg PCr
• 43.5mmol/kg Cr

Question 14

What reaction does create kinase catalyse?

Answer 14

• Breakdown of PCr into Creatine + Pi.

Question 15

Does lactate dehydrogenase change with endurance training?

Answer 15

• Yes, as there is reduced levels of lactate appearance.

Question 16

What are the main activators of Glycogen Phosphorylase

Answer 16

• AMP and Calcium

Question 17

What is the role of Glycogen Phosphorylase

- What activates it and what forms does it have?

Answer 17

• Breaks down muscle and liver glycogen.
• Is activated by AMP, Adrenalin and Calcium
• Is in a B form in its inactive state, A form in its active state.

Question 18

How does the contribution change for PCr, Glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation over a 30 second sprint?

Answer 18

• During the first 6 seconds energy is predominately supplied by the PCr and glycolysis systems.
• Between 6-15 seconds it is predominantly Glycolysis followed by oxidative phosphorylation and then PCr.
• Between 15-30 seconds the oxidative phosphorylation provides the majority of the energy with PCr and Glycolysis providing smaller equal amounts.

Question 19

After multiple sprints glycolysis had drops significantly. What could cause this?

Answer 19

• Inhibition of glycogen Phosphorylase

- Reduction in PFK activity

Question 20

Why does there have to be a matching of breakdown of glycogen and speed of glycolysis ?

Answer 20

• Other wise their is either not enough glycogen articles or too many.

Question 21

Does sprint interval training raise cardiac output?

Answer 21

• Yes as it increases stroke volume.

Question 22

Where is creatine kinase located in the skeletal muscle.

Answer 22

• In the mitochondria and at M line of the sarcomere.

- Located here so that there is a faster generation of PCR, thus allowing faster resynthesis of ATP via ATP-synthase

Question 23

What are benefit is keeping recovery short in interval training ?

Answer 23

• Increases in vo2max by 10% in 10 weeks which is a much more effective way of building vo2max compared to standard endurance training.

Question 24

Does increases in mitochondrial content result in a greater Vo2max?

Answer 24

• No, because the main limited of Vo2max in cardiac output.

Question 25

What is the enzyme that catalyses ATP breakdown ?

Answer 25

• Myosin ATPase

Question 26

Why can cause a decline in power output as more are sprints are performed with short recovery?

Answer 26

• Depletion of PCr

- H+ ion build-up resulting impairment of enzyme function.

Question 27

How much AMP is there in resting muscle

Answer 27

• 0.1mmol/kg

Question 28

What did the Gaitanos et al (1993) study show about the percentage contribution of ATP and glycolysis to ATP production after 1 six seconds sprint?

Answer 28

• PCr contributed slightly more than glycolysis during after 1 six seconds sprint (49.6% vs 44.1%)

Question 29

What reaction does Adenylate kinase catalyse ?

Answer 29

• catalyse the production of ATP from 2 ADP’s

e. g. ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP

Question 30

What did the Gaitanos et al (1993) study show about the percentage contribution of ATP and glycolysis to ATP production after 10 six seconds sprint?

Answer 30

• After the 10th sprint Glycolysis had dropped from 44.1% to 16.1%, whereas PCr contribution had increased to 80.1%.