Past Paper Questions Paper 1

Question 1

Coding capacity and duration of LTM

Answer 1

Duration and capacity unlimited

Coded semantically

Question 2

Coding capacity and duration of STM

Answer 2

Duration 30 secs
Capacity 5-9 items
Coded acoustically

Question 3

Cognitive interview evaluation - limitations

Answer 3

• time consuming and requires special training
• created increase in inaccurate info (61% increase in false positives, Kohnken et al)
• some elements better than others, report everything + reinstate context work best together to recall most

Question 4

Episodic, procedural and semantic memory meanings

Answer 4

Episodic - life events/memories, complex, explicit
Procedural - everyday tasks, talking, walking, implicit
Semantic - knowledge of world, explicit

Question 5

Cognitive interview evaluation - strengths

Answer 5

• can be useful for older witnesses who may think theyre wasting time recallling everything
• research support - Kohnken et al (1999) meta analysis from 50 studies to show enhanced CI more accurate info then standard interview, 81% increase in correct info

Question 6

Multi store memory model evaluation limitation over simplified

Answer 6

Over simplified
Evidence - more than one type of STM and LTM, MSM doesnt take this into account and over simplifies and condenses into 3 components

Question 7

Multi store memory model evaluation limitation artificial stimuli

Answer 7

Peterson and Peterson used nonsense trigrams to investigate STM duration
Little resemblance of items to items learnt in real life
Lacks mundane realism

Question 8

Multi store memory model evaluation strength Baddeley

Answer 8

Supported from research to show STM and LTM are coded differently
STM confuse words that sound similar
LTM confuse words semantically similar
Supports idea that they are separate and independent

Question 9

4 parts of cognitive interview

Answer 9

• recall everything
• reinstate context
• change perspective
• reverse order

Question 10

Reciprocity a01

Answer 10

Two way mutual process
Each party responds to others signals (turn taking)
Behaviour elicits response from other

Question 11

Van ijendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)

Answer 11

Aims - to investigate 3 types of attachment in different cultures and how they’re applied

Procedure - meta analysis, 2000 babies, 32 diff studies from 8 diff countries, all used SS, calc average % of diff attachments across cultures

Findings - secure most common, China lowest % of secure, Great Britain highest % of secure

Conclusions - overall consistency, may be universal characteristics that underpin infant-caregiver interactions

Question 12

JIn et al (2012)

Answer 12

Aims - investigate proportion of attachment styles in Korea compared to other studies

Procedure - 87 babies, used SS and free play session

Findings - overall proportion of secure and insecure similar, most secure, one child considered avoidant

Conclusions - SS valid measure of secure attachments, supports idea of basic secure base function of secure attachment which is universal, cultural differences in caregiving may cause variations of how attachment style is manifested

Question 13

Effects of institutionalisation

Answer 13

Delayed intellectual development
Disinhibited attachment - don’t know how to act around strangers
Slower emotional development
Lack of internal working model
Effects more severe if adopted after 6 months

Question 14

Cultural variations evaluation strength

Answer 14

Van ijendoorn used large sample size of 2000 babies, increases internal validity, generalisable as large sample reduces impact of anomalous results

Question 15

Cultural variations evaluation limitations

Answer 15

• biased, American researcher with British theory, can Anglo-American theory and method of assessment be applied to other cultures?
• unrepresentative of cultures - van used samples from diff countries however same country can have several cultures and child rearing practices, need to be more specific in findings?

Question 16

Schaffer stages of attachment

Answer 16

Asocial
Indiscriminate
Specific
Multiple

Question 17

Maternal deprivation ao1

Answer 17

Being separated from mother at childhood can have severe consequences, needs to be deprived of maternal care
Extended separation not good
Essential for normal psychological development, prolonged separation can damage emotional/intellectual development
Critical period of first 30 months identified

Question 18

Role of father research Schaffer and Emerson (1964)

Answer 18

Found 75% of infants studied, attachment was formed with father in first 18 months
Shown when infants protested when father walked away

Question 19

What are 4 explanations of obedience?

Answer 19

Legitimacy of authority - will obey someone with power to punish
Agentic stage/shift - pass free will to authority figure
Situational variables - Milgram (proximity, location, uniform)
Locus of Control - internals less likely to conform, externals more likely to conform

Question 20

How can social changes occur?

Answer 20

Changes in law (smoking laws)
NSI need to fit in
ISI more info bout the issue
Minority influence - may convince through consistency, commitment - snowball effect, behaviours and views change as more people listen

Question 21

Authoritarian personality study

Answer 21

Adorno et al (1950)- causes of obedient personalities 
Used 2000 middle class white American men about attitudes towards racial groups 
Done using F- scale 

Found harsh parenting results in this personality

Question 22

Authoritarian personality characteristics

Answer 22

Especially obedient to authority
Hatred for people in inferior social groups
Conventional attitudes towards sex, gender and race
Need strong powerful leaders to enforce traditional values
Inflexible outlook, everything black and white, uncomfortable with uncertainty

Question 23

How does social support impact conformity

Answer 23

Other non-conforming individual

Gives observer confidence to do so as well

Question 24

Social influence research ethical issues

Answer 24

Deception - Asch and Milgram
Protection from harm - Zimbardo
Right to withdraw - MIlgram verbal prods, Zimbardo

Question 25

Social influence research ethical issues ao3

Answer 25

Cost-benefit analysis - Milgram justified from what we learnt
Validity - deception acceptable as reduced demand characteristics, Asch
Studies occurred when no guidelines for ethics, may have paved way for these
Discussions created - SPE lead to reform of prisons

Question 26

Authoritarian personality - correlational not causation

Answer 26

Link bwteen harsh parenting and personality is a correlation
Cannot carry out experiments to establish cause and effect due to ethical issues
Don’t know actual reason for personalities
Limits validity of explanation

Question 27

Authoritarian personality - methodology flawed

Answer 27

Problems with methods
F-scale has questions which are worded in same direction
If someone answers along the same side they can get a high score
People may not be authoritarian but just have tendency to agree with everything

Question 28

Authoritarian personality - Milgram and interviews S

Answer 28

Conducted interviews with participants
Highly obedient = high score on F-scale
Suggests link between obedience and authoritarian personality

Question 29

Strange situation ao1 - 7 points

Answer 29

1. Child encouraged to explore - tests exploration and secure base
2. Strangler comes in and tries to interact with child - tests stranger anxiety
3. Caregiver leaves child and stranger together - tests stranger and separation anxiety
4. Caregiver returns, stranger leaves - reunion behaviour, secure base
5. Caregiver leaves child - separation anxiety
6. Stranger returns - stranger anxiety
7. Caregiver returns - reunited with child