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Finals Revision Progress > Past Paper Mistakes > Flashcards

Past Paper Mistakes Flashcards

1
Q

p450 inducers

A 
PC BRAS
Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Rifampicin
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Sulphonylureas
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2
Q

Bacterial meningitis on LP?

A

Bacterial are turbid, they go to the gym, they don’t eat much sugar but love their protein, and they love PMNs and keep their WCCs at least over 500 for maximal gains!

Turbid
Glucose <2.2
Protein >1
WCC >500
Lots of PMNs
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3
Q

Viral meningitis on LP?

A

Virals are Veggie so don’t like protein, they have a normal relationship with sugar but like to keep their WCC under 1000.

Clear
Glucose normal
Protein <1
WCC < 1000

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4
Q

TB meningitis on LP?

A

Fungal/TB meningitis is a weird combination of the two…

Protein 0.5-1
Glucose 1.6-2.5
WCC 100-500
Monocytes

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5
Q

Diabetic retinopathy classification

A

Background: hard exudates, blot haemorrhages, microaneyrusms

Pre proliferative: cotton wool spots, venous beading, deep dark cluster haemorrhages, >3 blot haemorrhages

Proliferative: retinal neovascularisation

hard blots and dots, cotton beads & haemorrhages

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6
Q

Tx for chronic simple open angle glaucoma

A
  1. Beta blocker drops (timolol, betaxolol)
  2. Prostaglandin analogues (Lanatoprost)
  3. Alpha agonists (brimonidine)
  4. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
  5. Miotics
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7
Q

Typical pancreatic cancer presentation, what imaging modality is best?

A
  • Painless obstructive jaundice, dark urine pale stools
  • epigastric pain radiates to back
  • wt loss
  • palpable gallbladder, epigastric mass

Imaging

  • Endoscopic USS
  • CT
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8
Q

Palliative care options for pancreatic cancer

A

Endoscopic percutaneous stenting of CBD
Palliative bypass surgery
Pani relief

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9
Q

A large hyperechoic lesion in the presence of normal AFP

A

Hemangioma

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10
Q

HNPCC (Lynch syndrome)

A

Germline mutations of DNA mismatch repair genes

Risk of
Colo rectal, Endometrial & Gastric cancer

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11
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Beck’s triad: elevated JVP, reduced arterial pressure, reduced heart sounds.

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12
Q

Definition of chronic limb ischaemia

A

Ankle artery pressure <50mmHg and either

  • Persistent rest pain requiring analgesia >2wks
  • Ulceration or gangrene
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13
Q

Definition of critical limb ischaemia

A

Rest pain + ulceration/gangrene

So chronic is ankle pressure + critical

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14
Q

Garden classification

A

Type I: Stable fracture with impaction in valgus
Type II: Complete fracture but undisplaced
Type III: Displaced fracture, usually rotated and angulated, but still has boney contact
Type IV: Complete boney disruption

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15
Q

Osteomyelitis organism regular vs sickle cell?

A

Usually staph aureus, in SSD usually salmonella

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16
Q

Rim’s sign, light bulb sign.

Associated with Trough sign

A

Posterior shoulder dislocation

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17
Q

Ix of choice for Achilles tendon rupture

A

USS

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18
Q

bimalleolar fracture of the right ankle.

A

Pott’s fracture (ankles potter around)

19
Q

Tenderness over anatomical snuffbox and pain on longitudinal thumb compression

A

Scaphoid facture; risk of avascular necrosis (Snuff = Scaph)

20
Q

Monteggia and Galeazzi?

A

Monteggia fracture - Ulnar
Galeazzi - Radial

Manchester United
Glasgow Rangers

21
Q

Osteoarthritis of knee/hand first line?

A

paracetamol + topical NSAIDs (if knee/hand)

second-line treatment is oral NSAIDs/COX-2 inhibitors, opioids, capsaicin cream and intra-articular corticosteroids

22
Q

Bone disease management in CKD

A 
Phosphate binders (e.g. calcium carbonate)
Vitamin D
23
Q

What changes in patients with nephrotic syndrome predispose to the development of venous thromboembolism?

A

Loss of antithrombin III

24
Q

Organism responsible in infection of peritoneal dialysis

A

Staph epidermis/aureus

25
Q

Erb’s palsy

A

Arm is pronated and medially rotated

Damage involving brachial trunks C5-6.

26
Q

Klumpke’s paralysis

A

weakness of the hand intrinsic muscles, may have Horner’s syndrome

involving brachial trunks C8-T1

27
Q

drug treatment for neuropathic pain?

A

amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin or pregabalin

28
Q

Extra-renal features of ADPKD

A 
Hepatic cysts 
Diverticulosis
Intracranial aneurysms
Ovarian cysts
Mitral valve disease
29
Q

Normal anion gap acidosis

A

Addison’s

Diarrhoea

30
Q

Raised anion gap

A

DKA
Sepsis
Renal failure

31
Q

proteinuria, haematuria, oliguria and hypertension

A

NEPHRITIC SYNDROME

Interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis are usually caused by nephrotoxic drugs or an infection. They usually present with acute renal failure.

32
Q

mastoiditis signs

A

painful erythema pushing the ear forward

emergency!! tx with IV abx

33
Q

Behcet’s syndrmoe

A

Oral ulcers
Genital ulcers
Anterior uveitis

“facial gone wrong”

Thrombophlebitis
Erythema nodosum
It is a vasculitis

34
Q

MEN1? MEN2?

A

MEN1: “PPP”
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Pancreas

MEN2A: “PPM”
Parathyroid
Phaeochromocytoma
Medullary

MEN2B: “PMM”
Marfan’s
Medullary
Phaeochromo

35
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Low calcium
Low phosphate
Generalised bone pain

36
Q

side effects of biphosphonates

A

osteonecrosis of jaw
oesophagitis
oesophageal ulcers

37
Q

Tx of osteoporosis

A

Alendronate
Raloxifene - selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
Strontium ranelate

38
Q

Drug induced lupus

A

Anti histone antibody

39
Q

Structure affected by scaphoid fracture

A

Dorsal carpal branch of radial artery

40
Q

Morton’s neuroma

A

Middle of foot pain on dorsal

41
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Alpha calcidol

42
Q

soap bubble

A

giant cell

43
Q

ewings

A

onion

44
Q

most appropriate first-line treatment for initial empirical therapy of meningitis (aged > 50 years)?

A

Intravenous cefotaxime + amoxicillin

Often strep pneumonia

Finals Revision Progress (16 decks)

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