Mnemonics Flashcards
Features of Cushing’s syndrome?
SWEDISH Spinal tenderness Weight central obesity Easy bruising Diabetes Interscapular fat pad Striae Hypertension
DKA management in first hour?
PANICS
Potassium - measure hourly: omit if anuria suspected or serum level >5.5
Acidosis: check venous pH and ketone levels
Normal saline: 500ml over 15 mins if systolic <90mmHg, otherwise 1l in first hour
Insulin by infusion: (50 units in 50mls at rate 0.1u/kg/hr)
Catheter and cultures: urine, blood
Stomach aspiration if drowsy; ET tube first if no gag reflex (most common cause of death in DKA)
Features of acromegaly?
ABCDEF Arthropathy BP Carpal tunnel Diabetes Enlarged tongue, heart, thyroid Fields: homnymous hemianopia
Features of hypocalcaemia?
CATS of hypocalcaemia Convulsion Arrhythmias Tetany Spasms and stridor
Causes of impalpable apex beat?
COPD COPD Obesity Pericardial effusion Dextrocardia
Features of Marfan’s
MARFAP Mitral valve prolapse Arm span > height Really narrow aorta (coarctation) Fibrillin gene Aortic dilatation and regurgitation Pneumothorax
STEMI long-term Mx
ABCDE ACEi Beta blocker Cholesterol lowering Dual antiplatelet (12 months 75mg) Echo to assess LV
STEMI immediate medical
MACO Morphine + metoclopramide 10/10 Aspirin 300mg loading dose Clopidogrel 300mg Oxygen only if low sats
Complications of MI
Sudden death on PRAED street Sudden cardiac death Pump failure Rupture of papillary muscle and septum Aneurysm and arrhythmias Embolism Dressler’s (pericarditis after weeks - rare. Normal pericarditis immediately is much more common)
Pulmonary Oedema x ray features
ABCDE Alevolar shadowing Kerley B lines Cardiomegaly Upper lobe diversion Effusion
Causes of left ventricular failure?
CHAMP Coronary syndrome Hypertensive emergency Arrhytmia Mechanical (e.g. acute valve leak, VSD, LV anuerysm) Pulmonary embolus
criteria for IE
Duke’s - BE FIRE
Major:
Blood cultures
Echo findings
Fever
Immunological signs
Risk factors
Embolism
Criteria for RHD?
Jones - PACES FACER
PACES Pancarditis Arthralgia Chorea Erythema marginatum Subcutaneous noduels
FACER Fever Arthralgia CRP/eSR ECG showing increased PR interval RHD in past
Features of pulmonary hypertension
JAPPP2
JVP raised Ascites Pulsatile hepatomegaly Parasternal heave P2 loud
Valve complications
BEHAVE Bleeding Endocarditis Haemolysis AF Valve dysfunction Emboli
Indications for permanent pacemaker
HAM ST
Heart failure AV block (complete) Mobitz type 2 Sick sinus syndrome Tachyarrythmias drug resistant
Asthma long term management aside from medical
MDT TEAM MDT Technique for inhaler use Educate Allergen and trigger avoidance Monitor (peak flow diary)
Classification of severe and life threatening asthma
Severe: 25-50-110-S RR 25 PEFR 50% or less HR 110 Sentences cannot be completed in one breath
Life threat: 33-92-CHEST PEFR 33% or less O2 sats 92% Cyanosis Hypotension Exhaustion Silent chest Tachy/bradyarrythmias
Causes of PE
FAT BaT Fat Air Thrombus Bacteria Travel
ILD causes
UPPER - TB SPACE TB Sarcoidosis Pneumoconiosis (coal) Ankylosing spondylitis Cystic fibrosis Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
LOWER - ACID Asbestosis Connective Tissue disease Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Drugs
DRUGS - AMEN Amiodarone Methotrexate Ergot-derivatives Nitrofurantoin
Pneumonia severity classification system
CURB-65 Confusion - new mental confusion with MMSE of 8 or less Urea raised above 7 RR over 30 BP low under 90 65
Complications of cirrhosis
CAVES Coagulopathy Ascites Varices Encephalopathy SBP
Causes of hepatomegaly
3 C’s, 3 I’s
CCF
Cancer
CLD
Infiltrative (HH, amyloid)
Infection: hepatitis
Immune response: Autoimmune hep
Causes of splenomegaly
CHINA
Congestive: portal HTN, CCF Haem: haemolytic, sickle cell Infective: malaria, EBV, leishmaniasis Neoplasm: CML, CLL, myelfibrosis Autoimmune: Felty's, sarcoid
Indications for dialysis in acute kidney injury
AEIOU Acidosis <7.1 Electrolytes e.g. refractory hyperK Intoxications e.g. salicylate Overloaded with fluid Uraemic e.g. encephalopathy
Causes of CKD
The causes are HIDDEN
Hypertension Infection Diabetes Drugs Exotica (e.g. lupus) Nephritis
Features of CKD
BIG BEAN
Breathlessness
Itching
Gout
Bone pain
Energy levels low
Ankle swelling/anaemia
Neuropathy
Acute nephritis features?
HOST
Hypertension
Oliguria
Smoky brown haematuria with red cell casts
Trace of oedema
Features of tuberous sclerosis
ASHLEAF
Ashleaf spots Shagreen patches Heart rhabdomyosarcoma Lung hamartomas Epilepsy Angiomyolipoma Facial angiofibroma
Complications of chronic renal failure
CRF HEALS
Cardiovascular disease Renal osteodystrophy Fluid HTN Electrolyte disturbance Anaemia Leg restlessness Sensory neuropathy
Extra intestinal features of IBD
A PIE SAC
Aphthous ulcers Pyoderma gangrenosum Iritis Erythema nodosum Sclerosing cholangitis Arthritis Clubbing
Mx of IBD?
UC: 5PC, 5AI Induction: 5 ASA Pred Ciclosporin
Remission
5 ASA
Azathioprine
Infliximab
Crohns: CAMI
Induction: corticosteroids
Remission: Azathioprine, methotrexate, infliximab
L DOPA side effects
DOPAMINE
Features of Wilson’s disease
CLANK Cornea: kaiser flescher rings Liver: CLD Arthritis Neuro signs e.g parkinsons Kidney - fanconi's sign
Causes of cerebellar syndrome
DAISIES Demyelination Alcohol Ischaemia SOL Inherited: Wilson's, Friedrich's ataxia Epilepsy System atrophy e.g multiple
Causes of peripheral neuropathy
ABCDE plus plus plus Alcohol B12 CKD Diabetes Every vasculitis Plus: Cancer Lyme disease Charcot-Marie-Tooth
Contraindications to thrombosis
High BROW High BP Bleeding tendency Recent surgery Over 80 yrs Woke with symptoms
Causes of carpal tunnel syndrome
RAPID TTT Rheumatoid arthritis Acromegaly Pregnancy Idiopathic Diabetes Trauma Tendons Thyroid
Causes of papilloedema?
Hypercapnoeic REM Hypercapnia Raised ICP due to tumour Essential intracranial hypertension (esp. Young adult female) Malingnant hypertension
Features of parkinson’s disease
TRAPPS PD
Tremor: increased bys tress, reduced by sleep
Rigidity: lead-pipe, cog-wheel
Akinesia: slow-initiation, difficutly with reptitive movement, micrographia, monotonous voice, mask-like face
Postural instability: stooped gait with festination
Postural hypotension: other autonomic dysfunction
Sleep disorders: insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness
Psychosis: hallucinations
Depression / Dementia / Drug SE’s
Symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome?
DANVAH Dysphagia Ataxia Nystagmus Vertigo Anaesthesia Horner’s
Diseases with mixed UMN and LMN lesions
MAST
MND
Ataxia, Friedrich’s
SCDC: B12
Taboparesis
Presentation of MS
TEAM Tingling Eye: optic neuritis (reduced central vision and eye movement pain) Ataxia Motor: spastic parapareses
Radiographic changes RA
LESS
LESS Loss of joint space Erosions Soft tissue swelling Soft bones (Periarticular osteopenia)
Radiographic changes OA
LOSS Loss of joint space Osteophytes Subchondral cysts Subchondral sclerosis
