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Geo Final > Past Exam > Flashcards

Past Exam Flashcards

1
Q

An oil field consists of three parts: a ___ where the organic matter has been converted to oil; a ___ that allows for accumulation of oil; and a ___ that stops oil migration.

A

Source Rock
Reservoir Rock
Cap Rock

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2
Q

When we use the Earth’s internal energy it is referred to as ___ energy

A

Geothermal

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3
Q

Eukaryotes appeared at least ___ billion years ago, in the middle of Proterozoic eon.

A

1.4

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4
Q

Mineral deposits in veins that form from hot water solutions flowing through rocks are termed ___ deposits

A

Hydrothermal

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5
Q

Bauxite, aluminum ore, formed in lateritic soil is an example of a ___ mineral deposit

A

Residual

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6
Q

___ is a fine-grained sedimentary rock with a high content of kerogen, a waxy organic substance

A

Oil Shale

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7
Q

Volcanic outgassing created an atmosphere that contained nitrogen ___ and ___

A

Water Vapour

Carbon Dioxide

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8
Q

Gradually photosynthesizing cyanobacteria removed ___ from the atmosphere and added ___

A

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

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9
Q

Cells with a nucleus are called ___

A

Eukaryote

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10
Q

Cells without a nucleus are called ___

A

Prokaryote

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11
Q

The earliest fossils of multicellular eukaryote origin are about 630 million years old and called the ___ fauna

A

Ediacara

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12
Q

The oldest fossils are ___ billion years old

A

3.55

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13
Q

Organisms that live in high-temperature or high salinity environments are called ___

A

Extremophiles

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14
Q

Experiments in the 1950s produced ___ from methane, ammonia hydrogen, and an electric spark

A

Amino Acids

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15
Q

The basic structural and functional unit of life, consisting of a complex grouping of chemical compounds enclosed in a porous membrane is termed a ___

A

Cell

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16
Q

The oldest fossils are found in ___, laminated mound-like structures formed in warm, shallow sears by photosynthetic bacteria.

A

Stromatolites

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17
Q

Modern ___ include crabs, spiders, centipedes and insects, and their distant relatives were abundant in the Cambrian seas.

A

Anthropods

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18
Q

If minerals grow in tiny pores in bone or wood creating a fossil the process is called ___

A

Mineralization

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19
Q

If a fossil is dissolved leaving a hole or imprint in the rock, the hole or imprint is called a ___

A

Mold

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20
Q

Rapid evolution and the development of shells and skeletons occurred at the beginning of the ___ period

A

Cambrian

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21
Q

Preserved tracks, burrows, coprolites or footprints are considered ___

A

Trace Fossil

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22
Q

The incredible biodiversification that occured at the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon, approximately ___ million years ago, is called the ___

A

542

Cambrian Explosion

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23
Q

Plants likely evolved from ___

A

Algae

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24
Q

___ (flowering or “enclosed see” plants) evolved in part because of the inefficient reproductive process of their precursors, ___ (naked seed plants)

A

Angiosperm

Gymnosperm

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25
Q

An early bird that had a bone structure similar to dinosaurs was ___

A

Archaeopteryx

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26
Q

The earliest Phanerozoic fossil record is dominated by marine ___, such as trilobites

A

Anthropods

27
Q

The highest rank of coal (highest carbon content) is ___

A

Anthracite

28
Q

___ is a biogenic sediment formed from the accumulation and compaction of plant remains

A

Peat

29
Q

Dinosaurs and the first true mammals evolved during the ___ period

A

Triassic

30
Q

The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous which killed the dinosaurs was caused by a ___

A

Meteorite Impact

31
Q

Hydrogen can be used to create energy in a ___

A

Fuel Cell

32
Q

As plant remains turn into coal they lose carbon dioxide and methane, thus increasing their ___ content

A

Carbon

33
Q

When you pan for gold in a stream you are mining a ___ deposit

A

Placer

34
Q

In a glacier, the difference between ice accumulation and ablation is a measure of its ___

A

Mass Balance

35
Q

The poorly sorted debris deposited by a glacier is called a ___

A

Till

36
Q

Deserts associated with the two belts of low rainfall of 30N and 30S are called ___ deserts

A

Subtropical

37
Q

Deserts formed downwind of mountain belts are ___ deserts

A

Rainshadow

38
Q

___ deserts form where cold ocean water chills air flowing on-land

A

Coastal

39
Q

Ground that is perennially below the freezing point of water is called ___

A

Permafrost

40
Q

The deflation lag present on most of the deserts surface is called ___

A

Desert Pavement

41
Q

Large dunes with continuous crests perpendicular to the wind direction are called ___ dunes

A

Transverse

42
Q

Crescent shaped dunes with arms pointed downwind are called ___ dunes

A

Barchan

43
Q

The internal structure of a dune consists of ___

A

Cross Bedding

44
Q

The drying of an area turning it into a desert and making it not suitable for agriculture is called ___

A

Desertification

45
Q

A ridge of debris deposited at the side of a valley glacier is called a ___

A

Terminal Moraine

46
Q

The perennially frozen part of the hydrosphere is called the ___

A

Cyrosphere

47
Q

The ridge of debris deposited where the glacier extends to its maximum size is called a ___

A

Later Moraine

48
Q

Melting ice blocks in glacial debris create holes that fill with water forming ___ lakes

A

Kettle

49
Q

A ___ is a curving, sinuous glacial deposit formed by a stream in the glacier

A

Esker

50
Q

If ice wedges link together they can form ___ ground

A

Patterned

51
Q

Scratches in bedrock caused by glaciers with imbedded rock sliding over the bedrock are called glacial ___

A

Striation

52
Q

The bowl-shaped area in the mountains where valley glaciers start is called a ___

A

Cirque

53
Q

Erosion by valley glaciers may leave a sharp-crested ridge between them called a ___

A

Arete

54
Q

In the deep parts of a glacier, ice flows by internal ___

A

Creep

55
Q

A crack in glacial ice is called a ___

A

Crevasse

56
Q

If the glacial ice is near its melting point throughout the glacier it is called a ___ glacier

A

Temperate

57
Q

Cold areas near glacial ice are called ___

A

Periglacier

58
Q

Oxygen building up in the atmosphere caused iron to be precipitated in the oceans 2 billion years ago forming ____

A

Banned Iron Formation

59
Q

Bogs and lake bottom sediments contain ___ that can be used to reconstruct past climates

A

Fossilized Pollen

60
Q

The most accurate information on climate for the last 160,000 years comes from ___

A

Ice Core

61
Q

Ancient soil horizons are called ___

A

Plesols

62
Q

Periodic variation in climate caused by changes in Earth’s orbit and rotational characteristics are called ___ cycles

A

Milankovitch

63
Q

Human Induced changes are also called ___ changes

A

Anthropogenic

Geo Final (5 decks)

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