Past Exam Flashcards
An oil field consists of three parts: a ___ where the organic matter has been converted to oil; a ___ that allows for accumulation of oil; and a ___ that stops oil migration.
Source Rock
Reservoir Rock
Cap Rock
When we use the Earth’s internal energy it is referred to as ___ energy
Geothermal
Eukaryotes appeared at least ___ billion years ago, in the middle of Proterozoic eon.
1.4
Mineral deposits in veins that form from hot water solutions flowing through rocks are termed ___ deposits
Hydrothermal
Bauxite, aluminum ore, formed in lateritic soil is an example of a ___ mineral deposit
Residual
___ is a fine-grained sedimentary rock with a high content of kerogen, a waxy organic substance
Oil Shale
Volcanic outgassing created an atmosphere that contained nitrogen ___ and ___
Water Vapour
Carbon Dioxide
Gradually photosynthesizing cyanobacteria removed ___ from the atmosphere and added ___
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Cells with a nucleus are called ___
Eukaryote
Cells without a nucleus are called ___
Prokaryote
The earliest fossils of multicellular eukaryote origin are about 630 million years old and called the ___ fauna
Ediacara
The oldest fossils are ___ billion years old
3.55
Organisms that live in high-temperature or high salinity environments are called ___
Extremophiles
Experiments in the 1950s produced ___ from methane, ammonia hydrogen, and an electric spark
Amino Acids
The basic structural and functional unit of life, consisting of a complex grouping of chemical compounds enclosed in a porous membrane is termed a ___
Cell
The oldest fossils are found in ___, laminated mound-like structures formed in warm, shallow sears by photosynthetic bacteria.
Stromatolites
Modern ___ include crabs, spiders, centipedes and insects, and their distant relatives were abundant in the Cambrian seas.
Anthropods
If minerals grow in tiny pores in bone or wood creating a fossil the process is called ___
Mineralization
If a fossil is dissolved leaving a hole or imprint in the rock, the hole or imprint is called a ___
Mold
Rapid evolution and the development of shells and skeletons occurred at the beginning of the ___ period
Cambrian
Preserved tracks, burrows, coprolites or footprints are considered ___
Trace Fossil
The incredible biodiversification that occured at the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon, approximately ___ million years ago, is called the ___
542
Cambrian Explosion
Plants likely evolved from ___
Algae
___ (flowering or “enclosed see” plants) evolved in part because of the inefficient reproductive process of their precursors, ___ (naked seed plants)
Angiosperm
Gymnosperm
An early bird that had a bone structure similar to dinosaurs was ___
Archaeopteryx
The earliest Phanerozoic fossil record is dominated by marine ___, such as trilobites
Anthropods
The highest rank of coal (highest carbon content) is ___
Anthracite
___ is a biogenic sediment formed from the accumulation and compaction of plant remains
Peat
Dinosaurs and the first true mammals evolved during the ___ period
Triassic
The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous which killed the dinosaurs was caused by a ___
Meteorite Impact
Hydrogen can be used to create energy in a ___
Fuel Cell
As plant remains turn into coal they lose carbon dioxide and methane, thus increasing their ___ content
Carbon
When you pan for gold in a stream you are mining a ___ deposit
Placer
In a glacier, the difference between ice accumulation and ablation is a measure of its ___
Mass Balance
The poorly sorted debris deposited by a glacier is called a ___
Till
Deserts associated with the two belts of low rainfall of 30N and 30S are called ___ deserts
Subtropical
Deserts formed downwind of mountain belts are ___ deserts
Rainshadow
___ deserts form where cold ocean water chills air flowing on-land
Coastal
Ground that is perennially below the freezing point of water is called ___
Permafrost
The deflation lag present on most of the deserts surface is called ___
Desert Pavement
Large dunes with continuous crests perpendicular to the wind direction are called ___ dunes
Transverse
Crescent shaped dunes with arms pointed downwind are called ___ dunes
Barchan
The internal structure of a dune consists of ___
Cross Bedding
The drying of an area turning it into a desert and making it not suitable for agriculture is called ___
Desertification
A ridge of debris deposited at the side of a valley glacier is called a ___
Terminal Moraine
The perennially frozen part of the hydrosphere is called the ___
Cyrosphere
The ridge of debris deposited where the glacier extends to its maximum size is called a ___
Later Moraine
Melting ice blocks in glacial debris create holes that fill with water forming ___ lakes
Kettle
A ___ is a curving, sinuous glacial deposit formed by a stream in the glacier
Esker
If ice wedges link together they can form ___ ground
Patterned
Scratches in bedrock caused by glaciers with imbedded rock sliding over the bedrock are called glacial ___
Striation
The bowl-shaped area in the mountains where valley glaciers start is called a ___
Cirque
Erosion by valley glaciers may leave a sharp-crested ridge between them called a ___
Arete
In the deep parts of a glacier, ice flows by internal ___
Creep
A crack in glacial ice is called a ___
Crevasse
If the glacial ice is near its melting point throughout the glacier it is called a ___ glacier
Temperate
Cold areas near glacial ice are called ___
Periglacier
Oxygen building up in the atmosphere caused iron to be precipitated in the oceans 2 billion years ago forming ____
Banned Iron Formation
Bogs and lake bottom sediments contain ___ that can be used to reconstruct past climates
Fossilized Pollen
The most accurate information on climate for the last 160,000 years comes from ___
Ice Core
Ancient soil horizons are called ___
Plesols
Periodic variation in climate caused by changes in Earth’s orbit and rotational characteristics are called ___ cycles
Milankovitch
Human Induced changes are also called ___ changes
Anthropogenic
