Past Exam

Question 1

An oil field consists of three parts: a ___ where the organic matter has been converted to oil; a ___ that allows for accumulation of oil; and a ___ that stops oil migration.

Answer 1

Source Rock
Reservoir Rock
Cap Rock

Question 2

When we use the Earth’s internal energy it is referred to as ___ energy

Answer 2

Geothermal

Question 3

Eukaryotes appeared at least ___ billion years ago, in the middle of Proterozoic eon.

Answer 3

1.4

Question 4

Mineral deposits in veins that form from hot water solutions flowing through rocks are termed ___ deposits

Answer 4

Hydrothermal

Question 5

Bauxite, aluminum ore, formed in lateritic soil is an example of a ___ mineral deposit

Answer 5

Residual

Question 6

___ is a fine-grained sedimentary rock with a high content of kerogen, a waxy organic substance

Answer 6

Oil Shale

Question 7

Volcanic outgassing created an atmosphere that contained nitrogen ___ and ___

Answer 7

Water Vapour

Carbon Dioxide

Question 8

Gradually photosynthesizing cyanobacteria removed ___ from the atmosphere and added ___

Answer 8

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Question 9

Cells with a nucleus are called ___

Answer 9

Eukaryote

Question 10

Cells without a nucleus are called ___

Answer 10

Prokaryote

Question 11

The earliest fossils of multicellular eukaryote origin are about 630 million years old and called the ___ fauna

Answer 11

Ediacara

Question 12

The oldest fossils are ___ billion years old

Answer 12

3.55

Question 13

Organisms that live in high-temperature or high salinity environments are called ___

Answer 13

Extremophiles

Question 14

Experiments in the 1950s produced ___ from methane, ammonia hydrogen, and an electric spark

Answer 14

Amino Acids

Question 15

The basic structural and functional unit of life, consisting of a complex grouping of chemical compounds enclosed in a porous membrane is termed a ___

Answer 15

Cell

Question 16

The oldest fossils are found in ___, laminated mound-like structures formed in warm, shallow sears by photosynthetic bacteria.

Answer 16

Stromatolites

Question 17

Modern ___ include crabs, spiders, centipedes and insects, and their distant relatives were abundant in the Cambrian seas.

Answer 17

Anthropods

Question 18

If minerals grow in tiny pores in bone or wood creating a fossil the process is called ___

Answer 18

Mineralization

Question 19

If a fossil is dissolved leaving a hole or imprint in the rock, the hole or imprint is called a ___

Answer 19

Mold

Question 20

Rapid evolution and the development of shells and skeletons occurred at the beginning of the ___ period

Answer 20

Cambrian

Question 21

Preserved tracks, burrows, coprolites or footprints are considered ___

Answer 21

Trace Fossil

Question 22

The incredible biodiversification that occured at the beginning of the Phanerozoic eon, approximately ___ million years ago, is called the ___

Answer 22

542

Cambrian Explosion

Question 23

Plants likely evolved from ___

Answer 23

Algae

Question 24

___ (flowering or “enclosed see” plants) evolved in part because of the inefficient reproductive process of their precursors, ___ (naked seed plants)

Answer 24

Angiosperm

Gymnosperm

Question 25

An early bird that had a bone structure similar to dinosaurs was ___

Answer 25

Archaeopteryx

Question 26

The earliest Phanerozoic fossil record is dominated by marine ___, such as trilobites

Answer 26

Anthropods

Question 27

The highest rank of coal (highest carbon content) is ___

Answer 27

Anthracite

Question 28

___ is a biogenic sediment formed from the accumulation and compaction of plant remains

Answer 28

Peat

Question 29

Dinosaurs and the first true mammals evolved during the ___ period

Answer 29

Triassic

Question 30

The mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous which killed the dinosaurs was caused by a ___

Answer 30

Meteorite Impact

Question 31

Hydrogen can be used to create energy in a ___

Answer 31

Fuel Cell

Question 32

As plant remains turn into coal they lose carbon dioxide and methane, thus increasing their ___ content

Answer 32

Carbon

Question 33

When you pan for gold in a stream you are mining a ___ deposit

Answer 33

Placer

Question 34

In a glacier, the difference between ice accumulation and ablation is a measure of its ___

Answer 34

Mass Balance

Question 35

The poorly sorted debris deposited by a glacier is called a ___

Answer 35

Till

Question 36

Deserts associated with the two belts of low rainfall of 30N and 30S are called ___ deserts

Answer 36

Subtropical

Question 37

Deserts formed downwind of mountain belts are ___ deserts

Answer 37

Rainshadow

Question 38

___ deserts form where cold ocean water chills air flowing on-land

Answer 38

Coastal

Question 39

Ground that is perennially below the freezing point of water is called ___

Answer 39

Permafrost

Question 40

The deflation lag present on most of the deserts surface is called ___

Answer 40

Desert Pavement

Question 41

Large dunes with continuous crests perpendicular to the wind direction are called ___ dunes

Answer 41

Transverse

Question 42

Crescent shaped dunes with arms pointed downwind are called ___ dunes

Answer 42

Barchan

Question 43

The internal structure of a dune consists of ___

Answer 43

Cross Bedding

Question 44

The drying of an area turning it into a desert and making it not suitable for agriculture is called ___

Answer 44

Desertification

Question 45

A ridge of debris deposited at the side of a valley glacier is called a ___

Answer 45

Terminal Moraine

Question 46

The perennially frozen part of the hydrosphere is called the ___

Answer 46

Cyrosphere

Question 47

The ridge of debris deposited where the glacier extends to its maximum size is called a ___

Answer 47

Later Moraine

Question 48

Melting ice blocks in glacial debris create holes that fill with water forming ___ lakes

Answer 48

Kettle

Question 49

A ___ is a curving, sinuous glacial deposit formed by a stream in the glacier

Answer 49

Esker

Question 50

If ice wedges link together they can form ___ ground

Answer 50

Patterned

Question 51

Scratches in bedrock caused by glaciers with imbedded rock sliding over the bedrock are called glacial ___

Answer 51

Striation

Question 52

The bowl-shaped area in the mountains where valley glaciers start is called a ___

Answer 52

Cirque

Question 53

Erosion by valley glaciers may leave a sharp-crested ridge between them called a ___

Answer 53

Arete

Question 54

In the deep parts of a glacier, ice flows by internal ___

Answer 54

Creep

Question 55

A crack in glacial ice is called a ___

Answer 55

Crevasse

Question 56

If the glacial ice is near its melting point throughout the glacier it is called a ___ glacier

Answer 56

Temperate

Question 57

Cold areas near glacial ice are called ___

Answer 57

Periglacier

Question 58

Oxygen building up in the atmosphere caused iron to be precipitated in the oceans 2 billion years ago forming ____

Answer 58

Banned Iron Formation

Question 59

Bogs and lake bottom sediments contain ___ that can be used to reconstruct past climates

Answer 59

Fossilized Pollen

Question 60

The most accurate information on climate for the last 160,000 years comes from ___

Answer 60

Ice Core

Question 61

Ancient soil horizons are called ___

Answer 61

Plesols

Question 62

Periodic variation in climate caused by changes in Earth's orbit and rotational characteristics are called ___ cycles

Answer 62

Milankovitch

Question 63

Human Induced changes are also called ___ changes

Answer 63

Anthropogenic