Chapter 16 Flashcards
A useful material that is obtained from the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, or biosphere.
Natural Resource
A resource that can be replenished on the scale of a human lifetime
Renewable Resource
A resource that cannot be replenished or regenerated on the scale of a human lifetime
Nonrenewable Resource
Each of us uses a very large amount of material derived from nonrenewable ___ resources
Mineral
We are equally dependent on ___ resources
Energy
Combustible organic matter that is trapped in sediment or sedimentary rock
Fossil Fuel
All fossil fuels are composed primarily of ___
Hydrocarbon Compounds
A biogenic sediment formed from the accumulation and compaction of plant remains from bogs and swamps, with a carbon content of 25%
Peat
A combustible rock (50 to 95% carbon), formed by the compression, heating, and lithification of peat
Coal
The higher the carbon content, the greater the ___ of the coal
Rank
Naturally occurring gaseous liquid, and semisolid substances that consist chiefly of hydrocarbon compounds
Petroleum
The liquid form of petroleum
Oil
The gaseous form of petroleum
Natural Gas
___ is the increasing heat and pressure associated with burial initiate a series of complex physical and chemical changes
Maturation
The temperature and depth conditions under which maturation takes place is called ___
Petroleum Window
A rock in which organic material has been converted into oil and natural gas is called a ___
Source Rock
A layer of impermeable rock that prevents it from reaching the surface
Cap Rock
The combination of a source rock, a reservoir rock, and a cap rock, which serves to trap and store oil in natural gas in the subsurface
Petroleum Trap
A sediment or sedimentary rock in which the pores are filled by dense, viscous, asphalt-like oil
Tar Sand
Induced hydraulic fracturing, in which a pressurized fluid is injected into a well to create tiny fracture, facilitating the withdrawal of tightly held hydrocarbons such as heavy oil
Fracking
An unconventional form of petroleum is a wax-like substance called ___, which comes from very fine-grained sedimentary rock such as shale
Kerogen
A fine-grained sedimentary rock with a high content of kerogen
Oil Shale
Radiant light and heat energy from the Sun
Solar Energy
Any form of energy that is derived more or less from plant life, including fuel wood, peat, animal dung, agricultural wastes, and biofuels from various sources
Biomass Energy
Energy derived from the movement of air; an indirect form of solar energy
Wind Energy
Electricity generated by running water
Hydroelectric Energy
Energy derived from the binding energy in the nuclei of the atoms; fission is the most common source
Nuclear Energy
The splitting of the uranium atom into 2 products of smaller mass
Fission
The process in which two atomic nuclei are forced to combine
Fusion
Energy from Earth’s interior
Geothermal Energy
Deposits that are mined specifically for the extraction of metals
Metallic Mineral Resources
Deposits that are mined for the properties of the minerals they contain, rather than for metals that could be extracted
Nonmetallic Mineral Resources
A deposit from which one or more minerals can be extracted profitably
Ore
___ deposits are formed when minerals precipitate from hot water solutions that carry dissolved loads of soluble materials, usually including a variety of metals
Hydrothermal mineral
The valuable minerals that are deposited by heated solutions on the seafloor are interlaid with and conformable with seafloor sedimentary strata, but they are technically deposited by hydrothermal processes rather than sedimentary processes are called ___ deposits
Stratiform
___ deposits are formed by sedimentary processes related to erosion and deposition of sediment
Placer
A ___ deposit consists of minerals that are left behind and concentrated by chemical weathering of a host rock
Residual
___ is when rainwater infiltrates the ground picks up soluble substances and carries them downward as it flows through each aerated zone
Leaching
